{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2977889308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2019.2931561","title":"Semiautomated Metamorphic Testing Approach for Geographic Information Systems: An Empirical Study","display_name":"Semiautomated Metamorphic Testing Approach for Geographic Information Systems: An Empirical Study","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2977889308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2019.2931561","mag":"2977889308"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2019.2931561","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2019.2931561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015345837","display_name":"Zhanwei Hui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2709-6834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160531","display_name":"Chinese People's Liberation Army","ror":"https://ror.org/05tf9r976","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160531"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhan-Wei Hui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Military Science, Beijing, China","Software Testing and Evaluation Center, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2709-6834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Military Science, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Testing and Evaluation Center, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018385255","display_name":"Song Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6894-3916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Testing and Evaluation Center, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Testing and Evaluation Center, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052712835","display_name":"Caslon Chua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caslon Chua","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and Electrical Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Electrical Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035107113","display_name":"Tsong Yueh Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3578-0994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsong Yueh Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3578-0994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2917,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87952207,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"2","first_page":"657","last_page":"673"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.8240519165992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.7552638053894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7399696111679077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-information-system","display_name":"Geographic information system","score":0.5781083703041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-testing","display_name":"Random testing","score":0.49441075325012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4783032536506653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.466244637966156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-testing","display_name":"Software testing","score":0.4256749451160431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4206925630569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4166010022163391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.40204060077667236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33360180258750916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.2921496033668518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.25989168882369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12421217560768127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.08336666226387024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07986477017402649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.07564741373062134}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.8240519165992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.7552638053894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7399696111679077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.5781083703041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146789","display_name":"Random testing","level":4,"score":0.49441075325012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4783032536506653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.466244637966156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984328558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188522","display_name":"Software testing","level":3,"score":0.4256749451160431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4206925630569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4166010022163391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.40204060077667236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33360180258750916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2921496033668518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25989168882369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12421217560768127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.08336666226387024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07986477017402649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.07564741373062134}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2019.2931561","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2019.2931561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchbank.swinburne.edu.au:6fcc9ef2-59cc-4f49-9b36-9f83560478e2/1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/456250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401157","display_name":"Swinburne Research Bank (Swinburne University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","host_organization_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability, Vol. 69, no. 2 (Jun 2020), pp. 657-673","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2498795069","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61702544","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5024805202","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016M603031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7404843576","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1403400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336026","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7903631503","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20160769","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8125971699","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20141072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336026","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1608397552","https://openalex.org/W1683468393","https://openalex.org/W1692010344","https://openalex.org/W1752028482","https://openalex.org/W1972870230","https://openalex.org/W1974365058","https://openalex.org/W2041650849","https://openalex.org/W2050986242","https://openalex.org/W2067676171","https://openalex.org/W2077804107","https://openalex.org/W2091093620","https://openalex.org/W2094078040","https://openalex.org/W2096902973","https://openalex.org/W2110441383","https://openalex.org/W2117866489","https://openalex.org/W2121074184","https://openalex.org/W2121084350","https://openalex.org/W2130746431","https://openalex.org/W2143702316","https://openalex.org/W2144368431","https://openalex.org/W2165062362","https://openalex.org/W2171302641","https://openalex.org/W2174535387","https://openalex.org/W2360315021","https://openalex.org/W2515929488","https://openalex.org/W2516728730","https://openalex.org/W2537379857","https://openalex.org/W2541675637","https://openalex.org/W2651256035","https://openalex.org/W2726443204","https://openalex.org/W2727355181","https://openalex.org/W2737741044","https://openalex.org/W2755853686","https://openalex.org/W2782311202","https://openalex.org/W2783777795","https://openalex.org/W3004537778","https://openalex.org/W3008797115","https://openalex.org/W4229850662","https://openalex.org/W4236410910","https://openalex.org/W4251827675","https://openalex.org/W6637766179","https://openalex.org/W6674682064","https://openalex.org/W6685766964","https://openalex.org/W6774112282"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006615808","https://openalex.org/W2142081319","https://openalex.org/W2015071673","https://openalex.org/W2158303854","https://openalex.org/W2139069137","https://openalex.org/W1978904109","https://openalex.org/W2810804488","https://openalex.org/W2393313208","https://openalex.org/W2724677980","https://openalex.org/W1500555306"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"geographic":[1],"information":[2],"system":[3],"(GIS)":[4],"provides":[5],"basic":[6],"location-enabled":[7],"services":[8],"for":[9,23,132,171],"many":[10],"different":[11],"applications":[12],"related":[13],"to":[14,34,37,98,163],"navigation,":[15],"education,":[16],"and":[17,25,67,89],"telecommunications.":[18],"It":[19],"is":[20,29,45,160],"a":[21,77,110,114,119],"foundation":[22],"analysis":[24],"visualization.":[26],"Testing":[27],"GIS":[28,42,134],"critical,":[30],"but":[31],"challenging":[32],"due":[33],"the":[35,39,47,57,70,85,99,103,133,146,152,167,172],"difficulty":[36],"assess":[38],"correctness":[40],"of":[41,51,69,105,122,126],"outputs,":[43],"which":[44],"called":[46],"test":[48,153],"oracle":[49,154],"problem":[50,58,155],"software":[52],"testing.":[53,137],"Metamorphic":[54],"testing":[55,80,94,168],"alleviates":[56],"by":[59],"constructing":[60],"metamorphic":[61,79],"relations":[62],"(MRs)":[63],"among":[64],"multiple":[65],"inputs":[66],"outputs":[68],"program":[71,136],"under":[72],"test.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"article,":[76],"semiautomated":[78],"(SAMT)":[81],"method,":[82],"based":[83],"on":[84,113],"formal":[86],"MR":[87,127,173],"model":[88],"an":[90],"improved":[91],"adaptive":[92],"random":[93],"algorithm,":[95],"was":[96],"proposed":[97],"GIS.":[100,123],"To":[101],"evaluate":[102],"performance":[104],"our":[106],"approach,":[107],"we":[108],"conducted":[109],"case":[111],"study":[112],"superficial":[115],"area":[116],"calculation":[117],"program,":[118],"typical":[120],"component":[121],"Six":[124],"kinds":[125],"construction":[128],"methods":[129],"were":[130],"suggested":[131],"domain":[135],"The":[138],"experimental":[139],"results":[140],"show":[141],"that":[142,149],"SAMT":[143],"can":[144],"detect":[145],"mutations":[147],"effectively":[148],"could":[150],"solve":[151],"efficiently.":[156],"More":[157],"importantly,":[158],"there":[159],"no":[161],"need":[162],"manual":[164],"participation":[165],"in":[166],"process,":[169],"except":[170],"construction.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
