{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2745238274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2017.2731953","title":"Software Engineering of Safety-Critical Systems: Themes From Practitioners","display_name":"Software Engineering of Safety-Critical Systems: Themes From Practitioners","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2745238274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2017.2731953","mag":"2745238274"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2017.2731953","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2017.2731953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083864231","display_name":"Phillip A. Laplante","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0415-271X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phillip A. Laplante","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University, Malvern, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University, Malvern, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063754454","display_name":"Joanna F. DeFranco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8966-5532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joanna F. DeFranco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University, Malvern, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University, Malvern, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8299,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91415543,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"3","first_page":"825","last_page":"836"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-critical-system","display_name":"Life-critical system","score":0.6454933881759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/licensure","display_name":"Licensure","score":0.5304700136184692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thematic-analysis","display_name":"Thematic analysis","score":0.5244576930999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4635208547115326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liability","display_name":"Liability","score":0.4614919424057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safety-engineering","display_name":"Safety engineering","score":0.4464876651763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.40785545110702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.39812007546424866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.397490918636322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.3918876647949219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.32330209016799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.226884663105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.18400335311889648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.18068251013755798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.1436617374420166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.0816507339477539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.07667207717895508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163707989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1996307","display_name":"Life-critical system","level":3,"score":0.6454933881759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781234862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6543077","display_name":"Licensure","level":2,"score":0.5304700136184692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.5244576930999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4635208547115326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.4614919424057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94279714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6496962","display_name":"Safety engineering","level":2,"score":0.4464876651763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.40785545110702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.39812007546424866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.397490918636322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.3918876647949219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.32330209016799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.226884663105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.18400335311889648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.18068251013755798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1436617374420166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.0816507339477539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.07667207717895508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2017.2731953","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2017.2731953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506144519","https://openalex.org/W1874361509","https://openalex.org/W1950170189","https://openalex.org/W1971899500","https://openalex.org/W2100505193","https://openalex.org/W2125313811","https://openalex.org/W2149593459","https://openalex.org/W2412192385","https://openalex.org/W2465395829","https://openalex.org/W3087523659","https://openalex.org/W6630306850"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W610870253","https://openalex.org/W2056698597","https://openalex.org/W4238227291","https://openalex.org/W1981169586","https://openalex.org/W4284674780","https://openalex.org/W2745238274","https://openalex.org/W2801063131","https://openalex.org/W633273602","https://openalex.org/W2058015404","https://openalex.org/W2342977825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,80],"addresses":[2],"two":[3],"important":[4],"questions":[5,50],"related":[6],"to":[7,83,86],"engineering":[8,96],"of":[9,54,71,78,102],"safety-critical":[10,65,89],"software":[11,20],"and":[12,21,37,91,105,113],"software-intensive":[13,22],"systems.":[14,66],"The":[15,29,76],"first":[16],"question":[17,31],"is:":[18,32],"which":[19],"systems":[23,90],"should":[24],"be":[25],"considered":[26],"safety":[27],"critical?":[28],"second":[30],"what":[33],"processes,":[34],"design":[35],"practices,":[36],"tools":[38],"have":[39,92],"practitioners":[40],"been":[41],"using":[42],"for":[43,109],"building":[44,88],"these":[45,49,72],"systems?":[46],"We":[47],"answer":[48],"through":[51],"an":[52],"analysis":[53,70],"unstructured":[55],"interviews":[56],"with":[57],"experienced":[58],"engineers":[59],"who":[60],"self-describe":[61],"as":[62],"working":[63],"on":[64,94],"Then,":[67],"a":[68],"thematic":[69],"responses":[73],"was":[74],"conducted.":[75],"results":[77],"this":[79],"are":[81],"intended":[82],"provide":[84],"guidance":[85],"those":[87],"implications":[93],"state":[95],"licensure":[97],"boards,":[98],"in":[99,106],"the":[100],"determination":[101],"legal":[103],"liability,":[104],"risk":[107],"assessment":[108],"policymakers,":[110],"corporate":[111],"governors,":[112],"insurance":[114],"executives.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}