{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1569969709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2015.2430471","title":"Fingerprint-Based Detection and Diagnosis of Malicious Programs in Hardware","display_name":"Fingerprint-Based Detection and Diagnosis of Malicious Programs in Hardware","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1569969709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2015.2430471","mag":"1569969709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2015.2430471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2015.2430471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100672159","display_name":"Bao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4717-6376"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Cyber Security, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Cyber Security, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038692973","display_name":"Ravi Sandhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3165-1813"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ravi Sandhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Cyber Security, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Cyber Security, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2903,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78840863,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"3","first_page":"1068","last_page":"1077"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.9107540845870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6995241045951843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5946452617645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-verification-competition","display_name":"Fingerprint Verification Competition","score":0.5517369508743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.5369986891746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.5245052576065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.5122601389884949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4813178777694702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.45779284834861755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.4188162386417389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-cipher","display_name":"Block cipher","score":0.4145847260951996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.3308756351470947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.20869925618171692}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.9107540845870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6995241045951843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5946452617645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164995936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5450283","display_name":"Fingerprint Verification Competition","level":4,"score":0.5517369508743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5369986891746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.5245052576065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5122601389884949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4813178777694702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.45779284834861755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.4188162386417389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106544461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543151","display_name":"Block cipher","level":3,"score":0.4145847260951996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.3308756351470947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.20869925618171692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2015.2430471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2015.2430471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":89,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W137591584","https://openalex.org/W160422864","https://openalex.org/W206267258","https://openalex.org/W654435050","https://openalex.org/W1279320161","https://openalex.org/W1500140210","https://openalex.org/W1537700568","https://openalex.org/W1548096828","https://openalex.org/W1565539145","https://openalex.org/W1568035385","https://openalex.org/W1579215414","https://openalex.org/W1591260072","https://openalex.org/W1595368737","https://openalex.org/W1613874182","https://openalex.org/W1614703486","https://openalex.org/W1829732909","https://openalex.org/W1864485850","https://openalex.org/W1884294223","https://openalex.org/W1894646615","https://openalex.org/W1927577445","https://openalex.org/W1981514768","https://openalex.org/W1982252645","https://openalex.org/W1988712140","https://openalex.org/W2006060691","https://openalex.org/W2008482633","https://openalex.org/W2010903499","https://openalex.org/W2011920948","https://openalex.org/W2012032225","https://openalex.org/W2021107213","https://openalex.org/W2029675347","https://openalex.org/W2036601091","https://openalex.org/W2056073317","https://openalex.org/W2056140283","https://openalex.org/W2066462613","https://openalex.org/W2081484285","https://openalex.org/W2086057770","https://openalex.org/W2102863623","https://openalex.org/W2103002136","https://openalex.org/W2108255910","https://openalex.org/W2108987401","https://openalex.org/W2114336390","https://openalex.org/W2116015411","https://openalex.org/W2120912790","https://openalex.org/W2121603762","https://openalex.org/W2124998280","https://openalex.org/W2126540423","https://openalex.org/W2131570398","https://openalex.org/W2133383336","https://openalex.org/W2134942954","https://openalex.org/W2140345173","https://openalex.org/W2141715577","https://openalex.org/W2142537526","https://openalex.org/W2145064068","https://openalex.org/W2147694198","https://openalex.org/W2150928734","https://openalex.org/W2151845324","https://openalex.org/W2153553074","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2156420172","https://openalex.org/W2160597734","https://openalex.org/W2166293920","https://openalex.org/W2167381458","https://openalex.org/W2167668681","https://openalex.org/W2170489924","https://openalex.org/W2468463919","https://openalex.org/W2490586464","https://openalex.org/W2971386045","https://openalex.org/W3147510284","https://openalex.org/W4230464498","https://openalex.org/W4236168377","https://openalex.org/W4241366606","https://openalex.org/W4248445118","https://openalex.org/W4251100134","https://openalex.org/W4253094798","https://openalex.org/W6605589487","https://openalex.org/W6629918636","https://openalex.org/W6632938397","https://openalex.org/W6633781585","https://openalex.org/W6636388380","https://openalex.org/W6638519753","https://openalex.org/W6639419616","https://openalex.org/W6639565960","https://openalex.org/W6655911729","https://openalex.org/W6678402192","https://openalex.org/W6681113282","https://openalex.org/W6682184091","https://openalex.org/W6682554491","https://openalex.org/W6685043173","https://openalex.org/W6792999178"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385434494","https://openalex.org/W3159333627","https://openalex.org/W3004467197","https://openalex.org/W2104671161","https://openalex.org/W4318003314","https://openalex.org/W2120912790","https://openalex.org/W2782017703","https://openalex.org/W4248805755","https://openalex.org/W2093397737","https://openalex.org/W1569969709"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,42],"today's":[1],"Integrated":[2],"Circuit":[3],"industry,":[4],"a":[5,11,15,22,26,30,47,59,68,75,79,86,106,118,128,138,146,152,156,171,177,186,190,202],"foundry,":[6],"an":[7,37],"Intellectual":[8],"Property":[9],"provider,":[10],"design":[12],"house,":[13],"or":[14,108],"Computer":[16],"Aided":[17],"Design":[18],"vendor":[19],"may":[20],"install":[21],"hardware":[23,69,92,119,174],"Trojan":[24,93,120,175],"on":[25,145,201],"chip":[27],"which":[28,63],"executes":[29],"malicious":[31,53],"program":[32,54],"such":[33,104,116],"as":[34,105],"one":[35],"providing":[36],"information":[38],"leaking":[39],"back":[40],"door.":[41],"this":[43],"paper,":[44],"we":[45,131],"propose":[46,58],"fingerprint-based":[48],"method":[49],"to":[50,183],"detect":[51,132],"any":[52,97],"in":[55,67,137],"hardware.":[56],"We":[57,111],"tamper-evident":[60],"architecture":[61,141],"(TEA)":[62],"samples":[64],"runtime":[65],"signals":[66],"system":[70],"during":[71],"the":[72,124,165,168],"performance":[73],"of":[74,88,170,185,205],"computation,":[76],"and":[77],"generates":[78],"cryptographic":[80],"hash-based":[81],"fingerprint":[82],"that":[83,117],"uniquely":[84],"identifies":[85],"sequence":[87],"sampled":[89,98],"signals.":[90],"A":[91],"cannot":[94,121],"tamper":[95,102,122,197],"with":[96,123,176],"signal":[99],"without":[100],"leaving":[101],"evidence":[103],"missing":[107],"incorrect":[109],"fingerprint.":[110],"further":[112,193],"verify":[113],"fingerprints":[114],"off-chip":[115],"verification":[125],"process.":[126],"As":[127],"case":[129],"study,":[130],"hardware-based":[133],"code":[134,172],"injection":[135,173],"attacks":[136],"SPARC":[139],"V8":[140],"LEON2":[142,187],"processor.":[143,188],"Based":[144],"lightweight":[147],"block":[148],"cipher":[149],"called":[150],"PRESENT,":[151],"TEA":[153,166],"requires":[154],"only":[155],"4.5%":[157],"area":[158,169],"increase,":[159],"while":[160],"avoiding":[161],"being":[162],"detected":[163],"by":[164],"increases":[167],"1":[178],"KB":[179],"ROM":[180],"from":[181],"2.5%":[182],"36.1%":[184],"Such":[189],"low":[191],"cost":[192],"enables":[194],"more":[195],"advanced":[196],"diagnosis":[198],"techniques":[199],"based":[200],"concurrent":[203],"generation":[204],"multiple":[206],"fingerprints.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}