{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2143428603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2014.2299193","title":"Safety Comparison of Centralized and Distributed Aircraft Separation Assurance Concepts","display_name":"Safety Comparison of Centralized and Distributed Aircraft Separation Assurance Concepts","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2143428603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2014.2299193","mag":"2143428603"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2014.2299193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2014.2299193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025965169","display_name":"John Shortle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9856-0820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Shortle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Engineering & Operations Research, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA","Syst. Eng. & Oper. Res., George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Engineering & Operations Research, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Syst. Eng. & Oper. Res., George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391588","display_name":"Yimin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9356-8663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yimin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Engineering & Operations Research, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA","Syst. Eng. & Oper. Res., George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Engineering & Operations Research, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Syst. Eng. & Oper. Res., George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025965169"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1751,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88773672,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"1","first_page":"259","last_page":"269"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10780","display_name":"Reliability and Maintenance Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10780","display_name":"Reliability and Maintenance Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separation","display_name":"Separation (statistics)","score":0.7505139708518982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.6659301519393921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5737612247467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.5330812931060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4875578284263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aviation","display_name":"Aviation","score":0.47794249653816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44827884435653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.42625629901885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-safety","display_name":"System safety","score":0.4233357906341553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.39889365434646606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.11884939670562744}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451805","display_name":"Separation (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7505139708518982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.6659301519393921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5737612247467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.5330812931060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4875578284263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74448152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765633","display_name":"Aviation","level":2,"score":0.47794249653816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44827884435653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.42625629901885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132835097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663745","display_name":"System safety","level":2,"score":0.4233357906341553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39889365434646606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.11884939670562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tr.2014.2299193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2014.2299193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87725633","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","issn_l":"0018-9529","issn":["0018-9529","1558-1721"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Reliability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309029","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W207427489","https://openalex.org/W257963125","https://openalex.org/W583444505","https://openalex.org/W654116706","https://openalex.org/W790248095","https://openalex.org/W1972540878","https://openalex.org/W1972798717","https://openalex.org/W1995797334","https://openalex.org/W2019025018","https://openalex.org/W2031999069","https://openalex.org/W2041363848","https://openalex.org/W2072869231","https://openalex.org/W2108898839","https://openalex.org/W2132918164","https://openalex.org/W2137190158","https://openalex.org/W2137793212","https://openalex.org/W2149849447","https://openalex.org/W2151488409","https://openalex.org/W2320874175","https://openalex.org/W2330848203","https://openalex.org/W2471723983","https://openalex.org/W4239521804","https://openalex.org/W6608428989","https://openalex.org/W6609664080"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071676784","https://openalex.org/W4292513318","https://openalex.org/W2357256365","https://openalex.org/W2348502264","https://openalex.org/W2287611352","https://openalex.org/W2365486383","https://openalex.org/W2021161555","https://openalex.org/W2362059367","https://openalex.org/W320684304","https://openalex.org/W4385464961"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,76,116],"paper":[1,77],"presents":[2],"several":[3],"models":[4,89],"to":[5,81,90,172],"compare":[6],"centralized":[7,18,112,147,196,230],"and":[8,102,113,129,180,185],"distributed":[9,32,114,206,234],"automated":[10],"separation":[11,108,140],"assurance":[12],"concepts":[13],"in":[14,65,186],"aviation.":[15],"In":[16,30,189],"a":[17,31,122,126,173,229,233],"system,":[19,33,148],"safety-related":[20,34,46],"functions":[21,35,47,181],"are":[22,36,61,167,170],"implemented":[23,37],"by":[24,38],"common":[25],"equipment":[26,39],"on":[27,40,58,182],"the":[28,45,50,59,66,69,79,99,105,134,137,146,150,158,163,183,187,192,195,205,213,217,224],"ground.":[29],"each":[41],"aircraft.":[42,75],"Failures":[43],"of":[44,52,104,107,136,139,165,194,204,216],"can":[48],"increase":[49],"risk":[51],"near":[53],"mid-air":[54],"collisions.":[55],"Intuitively,":[56],"failures":[57,64,71],"ground":[60,70,184,218],"worse":[62],"than":[63,202],"air":[67],"because":[68],"simultaneously":[72],"affect":[73],"multiple":[74,178],"evaluates":[78],"degree":[80],"which":[82],"this":[83,190],"belief":[84],"is":[85,118,142,160,211],"true.":[86],"Using":[87],"region-wide":[88,100],"account":[91],"for":[92,110,121,145,227],"dependencies":[93],"between":[94],"aircraft":[95],"pairs,":[96],"we":[97],"derive":[98],"expectation":[101],"variance":[103,135,193],"number":[106,138],"losses":[109,141],"both":[111],"concepts.":[115],"derivation":[117],"done":[119],"first":[120],"basic":[123],"scenario":[124,176],"involving":[125,177],"single":[127],"component":[128],"function.":[130],"We":[131],"show":[132,156],"that":[133,157,203,212],"always":[143],"higher":[144],"holding":[149],"expectations":[151],"equal.":[152],"However,":[153],"numerical":[154],"examples":[155],"difference":[159],"negligible":[161],"when":[162],"events":[164],"interest":[166],"rare.":[168],"Results":[169],"extended":[171],"hybrid":[174],"centralized-distributed":[175],"components":[179],"air.":[188],"case,":[191],"system":[197],"may":[198],"actually":[199],"be":[200],"less":[201],"system.":[207],"The":[208],"overall":[209,225],"implication":[210],"common-cause":[214],"failure":[215],"function":[219],"does":[220],"not":[221],"seriously":[222],"weaken":[223],"case":[226],"using":[228],"concept":[231],"versus":[232],"concept.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
