{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410808791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2025.3574481","title":"GIF-FHE: A Comprehensive Implementation and Evaluation of GPU-Accelerated FHE With Integer and Floating-Point Computing Power","display_name":"GIF-FHE: A Comprehensive Implementation and Evaluation of GPU-Accelerated FHE With Integer and Floating-Point Computing Power","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410808791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2025.3574481"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2025.3574481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2025.3574481","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082689200","display_name":"Fangyu Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0490-2485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangyu Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cryptology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0490-2485","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cryptology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079491959","display_name":"Fan Guang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-0823"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-0823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104257371","display_name":"Wenxu Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1761-3683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxu Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1761-3683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yixuan Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9241-535X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixuan Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9241-535X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111360574","display_name":"Tian Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1284-0182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1284-0182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100761673","display_name":"Yuan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9633-9480"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9633-9480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017411757","display_name":"Jiankuo Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1693-3000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiankuo Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1693-3000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036002145","display_name":"Jingqiang Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-4879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingqiang Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-4879","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049135681","display_name":"Shoumeng Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9580-5395"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoumeng Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9580-5395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033745290","display_name":"Jiwu Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3409-6149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiwu Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cryptology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3409-6149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cryptology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2134,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94865277,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"8","first_page":"1524","last_page":"1541"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.951200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9380000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7349449992179871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","score":0.5775816440582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5036775469779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-purpose-computing-on-graphics-processing-units","display_name":"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units","score":0.45648667216300964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4301314651966095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4229852259159088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.42070022225379944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.31969714164733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.13477614521980286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09745705127716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09407955408096313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7349449992179871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729138","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5775816440582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5036775469779968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50630238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971505","display_name":"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units","level":3,"score":0.45648667216300964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4301314651966095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4229852259159088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.42070022225379944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.31969714164733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.13477614521980286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09745705127716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09407955408096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2025.3574481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2025.3574481","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8438714465","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902392","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498685334","https://openalex.org/W2004814164","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2045836768","https://openalex.org/W2079392836","https://openalex.org/W2082238959","https://openalex.org/W2095363965","https://openalex.org/W2157999631","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2207050309","https://openalex.org/W2309997581","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2803071298","https://openalex.org/W2885339274","https://openalex.org/W2897925395","https://openalex.org/W2899140612","https://openalex.org/W2902726272","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W2957780493","https://openalex.org/W2969350772","https://openalex.org/W2987932087","https://openalex.org/W3006531732","https://openalex.org/W3012457899","https://openalex.org/W3028131843","https://openalex.org/W3042402785","https://openalex.org/W3091977288","https://openalex.org/W3108669911","https://openalex.org/W3158044478","https://openalex.org/W3182478132","https://openalex.org/W3184334856","https://openalex.org/W4200126335","https://openalex.org/W4205474236","https://openalex.org/W4236580217","https://openalex.org/W4241295125","https://openalex.org/W4280633999","https://openalex.org/W4296831830","https://openalex.org/W4313855966","https://openalex.org/W4322576435","https://openalex.org/W4360831824","https://openalex.org/W4360831964","https://openalex.org/W4381748048","https://openalex.org/W4384705451","https://openalex.org/W4385623150","https://openalex.org/W4386071870","https://openalex.org/W4391661643","https://openalex.org/W4402916276","https://openalex.org/W6606067566","https://openalex.org/W6757619422","https://openalex.org/W6778434676","https://openalex.org/W6803010905","https://openalex.org/W6810411079"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2505380084","https://openalex.org/W4400333498","https://openalex.org/W2086739451","https://openalex.org/W3183233360","https://openalex.org/W1980160788","https://openalex.org/W1656096860","https://openalex.org/W2095928260","https://openalex.org/W2268149564","https://openalex.org/W1984739956","https://openalex.org/W2763312740"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"Homomorphic":[1],"Encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"allows":[4],"computations":[5],"on":[6,215],"encrypted":[7],"data":[8],"without":[9],"revealing":[10],"the":[11,56,134,143,216,233,244,260,263],"plaintext,":[12],"garnering":[13],"significant":[14],"interest":[15],"from":[16,222],"both":[17],"academic":[18],"and":[19,80,87,100,169,191,204,258],"industrial":[20],"communities.":[21],"However,":[22],"its":[23],"broader":[24],"adoption":[25],"has":[26],"been":[27],"hindered":[28],"by":[29,176],"performance":[30,261],"limitations.":[31],"Consequently,":[32],"researchers":[33],"have":[34,44],"turned":[35],"to":[36,50,131,227,253],"GPUs":[37],"for":[38,90,110],"efficient":[39],"FHE":[40,91,102,150,156,167,237],"implementation.":[41],"Nevertheless,":[42],"most":[43],"predominantly":[45],"favored":[46],"integer":[47,86],"units":[48,62,148],"due":[49],"their":[51],"ease":[52],"of":[53,60,82,98,124,146,196,235,251,262,273],"use,":[54],"overlooking":[55],"considerable":[57],"computational":[58,69],"potential":[59],"floating-point":[61,68,88,125,135,147],"in":[63],"GPUs.":[64],"Recognizing":[65],"this":[66,161],"untapped":[67],"power,":[70],"our":[71,154,208,239],"paper":[72,162],"introduces":[73],"<bold":[74],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[75,116,224,229,255,276],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">GIF-FHE</b>,":[76],"an":[77],"extensive":[78],"exploration":[79],"implementation":[81,106,168,242],"FHE,":[83],"leveraging":[84],"GPUs'":[85],"instructions":[89],"acceleration.":[92,151],"We":[93],"develop":[94],"a":[95,128,165,187,249,270],"comprehensive":[96,188],"suite":[97],"low-level":[99],"middle-level":[101],"primitives,":[103],"offering":[104],"multiple":[105],"variants":[107],"with":[108,158,199,248,269],"support":[109],"three":[111,194],"word":[112,201],"size":[113,202],"configurations":[114,203],"(<inline-formula":[115],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[117,225,230,256,277],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$64/52/32$</tex-math></inline-formula>-bit).":[118],"Particularly,":[119],"we":[120,185],"make":[121],"innovative":[122],"use":[123],"implementations,":[126],"employing":[127],"novel":[129],"methodology":[130],"efficiently":[132],"leverage":[133],"unit's":[136],"fused":[137],"multiply-add":[138],"(FMA)":[139],"instructions.":[140],"This":[141],"represents":[142],"pioneering":[144],"integration":[145],"into":[149],"To":[152],"bridge":[153],"highly-optimized":[155],"primitives":[157],"practical":[159],"applications,":[160],"also":[163],"provides":[164],"high-level":[166],"interfaces":[170],"that":[171],"can":[172],"be":[173],"directly":[174],"applied":[175],"upper-level":[177],"applications":[178],"such":[179],"as":[180],"neural":[181],"network":[182],"inference.":[183],"Finally,":[184],"undertake":[186],"experiment":[189],"evaluation":[190],"comparison":[192],"involving":[193],"types":[195],"arithmetic:":[197],"FP64/INT64/INT32":[198],"varying":[200],"computation":[205],"units.":[206],"Notably,":[207],"fundamental":[209],"function":[210],"implementations":[211],"consistently":[212],"outperform":[213],"counterparts":[214],"same":[217],"platform,":[218],"achieving":[219],"speedups":[220],"ranging":[221],"<inline-formula":[223,228,254,275],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$2.0\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[226],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$4.2\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>.":[231],"In":[232],"context":[234],"CKKS":[236],"schemes,":[238],"homomorphic":[240],"operation":[241],"surpasses":[243],"state-of-the-art":[245],"GPU-based":[246],"solution":[247],"speedup":[250,272],"up":[252],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$3.8\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>,":[257],"exceeds":[259],"widely":[264],"adopted":[265],"CPU-based":[266],"library,":[267],"SEAL,":[268],"remarkable":[271],"over":[274],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$300\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}