{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388819691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2023.3334208","title":"PaVM: A Parallel Virtual Machine for Smart Contract Execution and Validation","display_name":"PaVM: A Parallel Virtual Machine for Smart Contract Execution and Validation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388819691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2023.3334208"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2023.3334208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2023.3334208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013627202","display_name":"Yaozheng Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3244-0812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yaozheng Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3244-0812","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101728868","display_name":"Zhiyuan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0258-484X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blockchain Platform Division, Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0258-484X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockchain Platform Division, Ant Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102827387","display_name":"Surong Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8391-6484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Surong Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8391-6484","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042100696","display_name":"Jinni Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2787-4033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinni Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2787-4033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100323498","display_name":"Hui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-195X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blockchain Platform Division, Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-195X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockchain Platform Division, Ant Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023557586","display_name":"Ye Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0805-6394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28813325","display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/03je71k37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28813325"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Information Security Evaluation Center of Civil Aviation, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, China; State Key Lab of Processors, ICT, CAS, and the Key Laboratory of Data and Intelligent System Security, Ministry of Education, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0805-6394","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Information Security Evaluation Center of Civil Aviation, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, China; State Key Lab of Processors, ICT, CAS, and the Key Laboratory of Data and Intelligent System Security, Ministry of Education, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28813325","https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013627202"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4842,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95150359,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"1","first_page":"186","last_page":"202"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9050061702728271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.7279790043830872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6394289135932922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.5419881939888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.5182968974113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.49211639165878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.4379258453845978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thread","display_name":"Thread (computing)","score":0.41055065393447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3602553606033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.33158841729164124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.30586618185043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.2424565851688385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.17811420559883118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1335853934288025}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9050061702728271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.7279790043830872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6394289135932922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.5419881939888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.5182968974113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.49211639165878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.4379258453845978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138101251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213092","display_name":"Thread (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41055065393447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3602553606033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.33158841729164124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.30586618185043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.2424565851688385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17811420559883118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1335853934288025}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2023.3334208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2023.3334208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5552466474","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372253","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7361973354","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002175","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8554102985","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ISECCA-202102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321565","funder_display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8653565265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CARCHB202016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321565","display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/03je71k37"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2585715281","https://openalex.org/W2593176800","https://openalex.org/W2604122668","https://openalex.org/W2745969156","https://openalex.org/W2765239986","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2805827286","https://openalex.org/W2905139052","https://openalex.org/W2944812228","https://openalex.org/W2964257386","https://openalex.org/W2975871742","https://openalex.org/W2988653659","https://openalex.org/W2990403016","https://openalex.org/W3001458527","https://openalex.org/W3008357810","https://openalex.org/W3011166791","https://openalex.org/W3014810041","https://openalex.org/W3024050886","https://openalex.org/W3033309818","https://openalex.org/W3083471387","https://openalex.org/W3092250236","https://openalex.org/W3094715105","https://openalex.org/W3095431539","https://openalex.org/W3108722340","https://openalex.org/W3133278644","https://openalex.org/W3134742627","https://openalex.org/W3137662336","https://openalex.org/W3156676799","https://openalex.org/W3159903312","https://openalex.org/W3165412222","https://openalex.org/W3173922746","https://openalex.org/W3174138284","https://openalex.org/W3174680429","https://openalex.org/W3179068264","https://openalex.org/W3196908569","https://openalex.org/W3203860750","https://openalex.org/W4214757745","https://openalex.org/W4225528709","https://openalex.org/W4226245973","https://openalex.org/W4285256275","https://openalex.org/W4285298235","https://openalex.org/W4285586691","https://openalex.org/W4288057718","https://openalex.org/W6714240215","https://openalex.org/W6784186067","https://openalex.org/W6784248342","https://openalex.org/W6793954727","https://openalex.org/W6794917525","https://openalex.org/W6797963171"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3092702943","https://openalex.org/W4297798448","https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W4320715980","https://openalex.org/W3122124622","https://openalex.org/W3150062897","https://openalex.org/W3092627261","https://openalex.org/W3095399693"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"performance":[1,143],"bottleneck":[2],"of":[3,33,66,108,113],"blockchain":[4,114,130],"has":[5],"shifted":[6],"from":[7],"consensus":[8],"to":[9,28,59,92,103,152],"serial":[10],"smart":[11,35,47],"contract":[12,36,48],"execution":[13,37,58],"in":[14],"transaction":[15],"validation.":[16],"Previous":[17],"works":[18],"predominantly":[19],"focus":[20],"on":[21,119],"inter-contract":[22,54],"parallel":[23,57,94],"execution,":[24,95],"but":[25],"they":[26],"fail":[27],"address":[29],"the":[30,45,61,77,106,111,120,128],"inherent":[31],"limitations":[32],"each":[34],"performance.":[38],"In":[39],"this":[40],"paper,":[41],"we":[42],"propose":[43],"PaVM,":[44],"first":[46],"virtual":[49],"machine":[50,87],"that":[51,124,137],"supports":[52],"both":[53,105],"and":[55,89,96,110,146],"intra-contract":[56],"accelerate":[60],"validation":[62,142,148],"process.":[63],"PaVM":[64,118,138],"consists":[65],"(1)":[67],"key":[68],"instructions":[69],"for":[70],"precisely":[71],"recording":[72],"entire":[73],"runtime":[74,82],"information":[75],"at":[76],"instruction":[78],"level,":[79],"(2)":[80],"a":[81,85,98],"system":[83],"with":[84],"re-designed":[86],"state":[88],"thread":[90],"management":[91],"facilitate":[93],"(3)":[97],"read/write-operation-based":[99],"receipt":[100],"generation":[101],"method":[102],"ensure":[104],"correctness":[107],"operations":[109],"consistency":[112],"data.":[115],"We":[116],"evaluate":[117],"Ethereum":[121],"testnet,":[122],"demonstrating":[123],"it":[125],"can":[126],"outperform":[127],"mainstream":[129],"client":[131],"Geth.":[132],"Our":[133],"evaluation":[134],"results":[135],"reveal":[136],"speeds":[139],"up":[140,151],"overall":[141],"by":[144,150],"33.4\u00d7,":[145],"enhances":[147],"throughput":[149],"46\u00d7.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}