{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362689381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2023.3263882","title":"TSC-VEE: A TrustZone-Based Smart Contract Virtual Execution Environment","display_name":"TSC-VEE: A TrustZone-Based Smart Contract Virtual Execution Environment","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362689381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2023.3263882"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2023.3263882","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2023.3263882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071690387","display_name":"Zhaolong Jian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1543-3207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132369690","display_name":"Tianjin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018rbtf37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132369690"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhaolong Jian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Cyberspace Governance of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Cyberspace Governance of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132369690"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023557586","display_name":"Ye Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0805-6394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132369690","display_name":"Tianjin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018rbtf37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132369690"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","College of Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China","State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Institute of Systems and Networks, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132369690"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems and Networks, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014930807","display_name":"Youyang Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8100-5408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132369690","display_name":"Tianjin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018rbtf37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132369690"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youyang Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132369690"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013627202","display_name":"Yaozheng Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3244-0812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132369690","display_name":"Tianjin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018rbtf37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132369690"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaozheng Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132369690"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064899369","display_name":"Xueshuo Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8245-8415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132369690","display_name":"Tianjin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018rbtf37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132369690"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueshuo Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Cyberspace Governance of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China","College of Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Cyberspace Governance of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132369690"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102971718","display_name":"Dayi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6130-6192"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dayi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blockchain Platform Division, Ant Group, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockchain Platform Division, Ant Group, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101728868","display_name":"Zhiyuan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0258-484X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blockchain Platform Division, Ant Group, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockchain Platform Division, Ant Group, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100455376","display_name":"Tao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1697-8022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132369690","display_name":"Tianjin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018rbtf37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132369690"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","College of Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Science Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132369690"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071690387"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132369690","https://openalex.org/I205237279"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.8497,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96823606,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"6","first_page":"1773","last_page":"1788"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.968999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9560999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8641202449798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4543839693069458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isolation","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","score":0.44046127796173096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.37543314695358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.37486666440963745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8641202449798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4543839693069458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.44046127796173096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.37543314695358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.37486666440963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2023.3263882","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2023.3263882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7361973354","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002175","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8554102985","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ISECCA-202102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321565","funder_display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8653565265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CARCHB202016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321565","display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/03je71k37"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969344535","https://openalex.org/W2014517322","https://openalex.org/W2484015479","https://openalex.org/W2517744317","https://openalex.org/W2536137494","https://openalex.org/W2604844934","https://openalex.org/W2797481382","https://openalex.org/W2801661589","https://openalex.org/W2899800109","https://openalex.org/W2913096406","https://openalex.org/W2950551784","https://openalex.org/W2952260178","https://openalex.org/W2955394441","https://openalex.org/W2963983602","https://openalex.org/W2975871742","https://openalex.org/W2982003166","https://openalex.org/W2983058739","https://openalex.org/W2986666149","https://openalex.org/W3013965090","https://openalex.org/W3021475380","https://openalex.org/W3032514785","https://openalex.org/W3081512183","https://openalex.org/W3092250236","https://openalex.org/W3104384682","https://openalex.org/W3112027211","https://openalex.org/W3130112166","https://openalex.org/W3132356251","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3194536819","https://openalex.org/W4224923627","https://openalex.org/W6712237015","https://openalex.org/W6761131216","https://openalex.org/W6793285265","https://openalex.org/W6797785253"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"TrustZone":[0,25,173],"as":[1],"a":[2,98,105,122,152],"trusted":[3],"execution":[4,38,60,212],"environment":[5,39,61],"(TEE)":[6],"has":[7],"been":[8],"proven":[9],"to":[10,71,88,114],"preserve":[11],"the":[12,36,57,72,89,110,118,132,161,165,169,179,202,222,232,242],"confidentiality":[13],"of":[14,35,74,95,107,134],"blockchain":[15,45],"transactions":[16],"supported":[17],"by":[18,215,234,246],"smart":[19,41,67,193],"contracts.":[20,254],"Despite":[21],"some":[22],"academic":[23],"effort,":[24],"can":[26,78,191,230],"only":[27],"support":[28],"limited":[29],"languages":[30],"for":[31,40,64],"now.":[32],"The":[33],"lack":[34],"corresponding":[37,111],"contracts":[42,68,194],"seriously":[43],"hinders":[44],"applications":[46],"from":[47,164],"directly":[48],"running":[49],"on":[50,69,172,198,227,248],"TrustZone.":[51,96,199,228],"In":[52],"this":[53],"paper,":[54],"we":[55],"design":[56],"first":[58],"virtual":[59,224],"named":[62],"TSC-VEE":[63,77,190,210,229],"performing":[65],"Solidity":[66],"TrustZone,":[70],"best":[73],"our":[75,237],"knowledge.":[76],"be":[79],"decomposed":[80],"into":[81,168],"fourfold:":[82],"(1)":[83],"an":[84],"instruction":[85],"set":[86],"adapted":[87],"isolation":[90],"and":[91,116,130,138,148,159,196,240],"world":[92,167,171,180],"switching":[93,178],"mechanism":[94,102,113],"(2)":[97],"runtime":[99,146],"memory":[100,244],"management":[101],"that":[103,156,189],"provides":[104],"pair":[106],"instructions":[108],"with":[109,201,236],"processing":[112],"allocate":[115],"release":[117],"work":[119,243],"memory.":[120],"(3)":[121],"hybrid":[123],"granularity":[124],"resource":[125],"analysis":[126],"algorithm":[127],"which":[128],"computes":[129],"records":[131],"value":[133],"maximum":[135],"stack":[136],"height":[137],"static":[139],"gas":[140],"cost":[141],"through":[142],"bytecode":[143],"pre-execution,":[144],"avoiding":[145,177],"overflow":[147],"invalid":[149],"computations.":[150],"(4)":[151],"cross-isolation-environment":[153],"prefetching":[154],"approach":[155],"supports":[157],"loading":[158],"storing":[160],"storage":[162],"data":[163],"normal":[166],"secure":[170],"before":[174],"execution,":[175],"thus":[176],"state":[181],"frequently":[182],"at":[183],"runtime.":[184],"Extensive":[185],"experimental":[186],"results":[187],"show":[188],"perform":[192],"correctly":[195],"efficiently":[197],"Compared":[200],"most":[203],"commonly":[204],"used":[205],"Ethereum":[206,223],"client\u2014":[207],"<i>Geth</i>":[208],",":[209],"achieves":[211],"performance":[213],"improvements":[214],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[216],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$9.29\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[217],".":[218],"We":[219],"also":[220],"implement":[221],"machine\u2014":[225],"<i>evmone</i>":[226],"reduce":[231],"latency":[233],"12.63%":[235],"optimization":[238],"techniques,":[239],"decrease":[241],"footprint":[245],"22.95%":[247],"average":[249],"when":[250],"executing":[251],"various":[252],"scale":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}