{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319839255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2023.3238343","title":"LB-Chain: Load-Balanced and Low-Latency Blockchain Sharding via Account Migration","display_name":"LB-Chain: Load-Balanced and Low-Latency Blockchain Sharding via Account Migration","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319839255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2023.3238343"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2023.3238343","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2023.3238343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100775678","display_name":"Mingzhe Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4707-7588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN","HK","SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhe Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391928","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2990-229X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100405949","display_name":"Jin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-0918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100775678"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I3045169105"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":34.3636,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99782433,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"10","first_page":"2797","last_page":"2810"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9739000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.91301429271698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7589895725250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6660648584365845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chain","display_name":"Chain (unit)","score":0.4961160123348236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.39688125252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3786661922931671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.33210012316703796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.21232515573501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17906337976455688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.91301429271698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7589895725250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6660648584365845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199185054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299","display_name":"Chain (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4961160123348236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.39688125252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3786661922931671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.33210012316703796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.21232515573501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17906337976455688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2023.3238343","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2023.3238343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-124526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-124526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W893234787","https://openalex.org/W1980096825","https://openalex.org/W2105685537","https://openalex.org/W2116261113","https://openalex.org/W2271870283","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2579029018","https://openalex.org/W2751179194","https://openalex.org/W2768696376","https://openalex.org/W2783535300","https://openalex.org/W2791935104","https://openalex.org/W2793346081","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2797816609","https://openalex.org/W2883125028","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2917183287","https://openalex.org/W2944812228","https://openalex.org/W2948269220","https://openalex.org/W2982468232","https://openalex.org/W2982698807","https://openalex.org/W3011726356","https://openalex.org/W3042588811","https://openalex.org/W3048190971","https://openalex.org/W3091181475","https://openalex.org/W3091665258","https://openalex.org/W3094715105","https://openalex.org/W3112650931","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3154548150","https://openalex.org/W3172112724","https://openalex.org/W3174138284","https://openalex.org/W3214827879","https://openalex.org/W4200135404","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4283215940","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W4312358656","https://openalex.org/W6675692801","https://openalex.org/W6759625968","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257","https://openalex.org/W2799059781"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"sharding":[1,25,88,142],"has":[2],"been":[3],"increasingly":[4],"used":[5],"to":[6,48,113,151,173],"improve":[7],"blockchain":[8,14,78,129],"systems\u2019":[9],"performance,":[10,143],"in":[11,176],"which":[12,92],"a":[13,86,119],"is":[15,46,69,168],"split":[16],"into":[17],"multiple":[18],"smaller,":[19],"disjoint":[20],"shards.":[21,79],"In":[22],"practice,":[23],"however,":[24],"can":[26],"only":[27],"achieve":[28],"limited":[29],"throughput":[30,157],"and":[31,62,123],"latency":[32],"improvement,":[33],"especially":[34],"for":[35],"the":[36,52,66,70,97,145,155,177],"<italic":[37,71,93,105],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[38,72,94,106],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">user-perceived":[39],"transaction":[40,74,98,133,146,156],"confirmation":[41,147],"delay.</i>":[42],"The":[43,162],"performance":[44,126],"degradation":[45],"believed":[47],"be":[49],"caused":[50],"by":[51,103,149,158],"cross-shard":[53],"transactions.":[54],"However,":[55],"we":[56,84],"show,":[57],"through":[58,127],"comprehensive":[59],"system":[60],"deployment":[61,130],"measurement":[63],"studies,":[64],"that":[65,138],"main":[67],"culprit":[68],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">imbalanced":[73],"load</i>":[75],"on":[76,100],"different":[77,101,166],"To":[80],"address":[81],"this":[82],"problem,":[83],"propose":[85],"novel":[87],"system,":[89],"called":[90],"LB-Chain,":[91,122],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">dynamically</i>":[95],"balances":[96],"load":[99],"shards":[102,112],"periodically":[104],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">migrating":[107],"active":[108],"accounts</i>":[109],"from":[110],"heavily-loaded":[111],"less-loaded":[114],"ones.":[115],"We":[116],"have":[117],"implemented":[118],"prototype":[120],"of":[121],"evaluated":[124],"its":[125],"large-scale":[128],"using":[131],"real-world":[132],"traces.":[134],"Extensive":[135],"experiments":[136],"confirm":[137],"LB-Chain":[139],"significantly":[140],"boosts":[141],"reducing":[144],"delays":[148],"up":[150],"90%":[152],"while":[153],"increasing":[154],"more":[159],"than":[160],"10%.":[161],"delay":[163],"difference":[164],"between":[165],"accounts":[167],"also":[169],"reduced":[170],"dramatically,":[171],"leading":[172],"improved":[174],"fairness":[175],"system.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
