{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2897534136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2018.2874002","title":"Massively Parallel Tree Search for High-Dimensional Sphere Decoders","display_name":"Massively Parallel Tree Search for High-Dimensional Sphere Decoders","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2897534136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2018.2874002","mag":"2897534136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2018.2874002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2018.2874002","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/71/8830308/08489997.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/71/8830308/08489997.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023023109","display_name":"Konstantinos Nikitopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3056-7748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Nikitopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["5G Innovation Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5G Innovation Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063119545","display_name":"Georgios Georgis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2644-5230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Georgis","raw_affiliation_strings":["5G Innovation Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5G Innovation Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084161845","display_name":"Chathura Jayawardena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7846-548X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chathura Jayawardena","raw_affiliation_strings":["5G Innovation Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5G Innovation Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063898821","display_name":"Daniil Chatzipanagiotis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniil Chatzipanagiotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["5G Innovation Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5G Innovation Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032549075","display_name":"Rahim Tafazolli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-8639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahim Tafazolli","raw_affiliation_strings":["5G Innovation Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5G Innovation Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023023109"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9567,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8721758,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"10","first_page":"2309","last_page":"2325"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8011132478713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.7371039986610413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massively-parallel","display_name":"Massively parallel","score":0.720646321773529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4794710874557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.33281251788139343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.1154312789440155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10514980554580688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8011132478713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.7371039986610413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190475519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544384","display_name":"Massively parallel","level":2,"score":0.720646321773529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4794710874557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.33281251788139343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.1154312789440155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10514980554580688}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2018.2874002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2018.2874002","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/71/8830308/08489997.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.44SUR_INST:11139812640002346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2018.2874002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2018.2874002","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/71/8830308/08489997.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1934935867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Engineering and Physical Sciences R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3729330324","display_name":"Multisphere: Consistently Parallelizing High-Dimensional Sphere Decoders","funder_award_id":"EP/M029441/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8019546039","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M029441/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321979","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2897534136.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2897534136.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490340261","https://openalex.org/W1567646530","https://openalex.org/W1969211945","https://openalex.org/W1976919220","https://openalex.org/W1988674361","https://openalex.org/W1990677615","https://openalex.org/W2000871594","https://openalex.org/W2003283192","https://openalex.org/W2009528323","https://openalex.org/W2015658353","https://openalex.org/W2028077152","https://openalex.org/W2040743375","https://openalex.org/W2054620919","https://openalex.org/W2059980770","https://openalex.org/W2069927036","https://openalex.org/W2100276039","https://openalex.org/W2100617359","https://openalex.org/W2103435549","https://openalex.org/W2103715657","https://openalex.org/W2116631972","https://openalex.org/W2118425896","https://openalex.org/W2118699453","https://openalex.org/W2118899075","https://openalex.org/W2123701696","https://openalex.org/W2124408528","https://openalex.org/W2126483728","https://openalex.org/W2132739579","https://openalex.org/W2139821040","https://openalex.org/W2148978817","https://openalex.org/W2153156104","https://openalex.org/W2155098533","https://openalex.org/W2155104030","https://openalex.org/W2158439145","https://openalex.org/W2160897074","https://openalex.org/W2168830205","https://openalex.org/W2168973404","https://openalex.org/W2334821253","https://openalex.org/W2472334012","https://openalex.org/W2508522222","https://openalex.org/W2526268228","https://openalex.org/W2567424717","https://openalex.org/W2753893743","https://openalex.org/W2963372284","https://openalex.org/W4232593608","https://openalex.org/W6629110074","https://openalex.org/W6675182868"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023839151","https://openalex.org/W1774183074","https://openalex.org/W2057488824","https://openalex.org/W2334687145","https://openalex.org/W2178011914","https://openalex.org/W4235962491","https://openalex.org/W2061778832","https://openalex.org/W1513001507","https://openalex.org/W2257153718","https://openalex.org/W3134702077"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"recent":[1],"paradigm":[2],"shift":[3],"towards":[4,26],"the":[5,17,32,43,49,57,64,70,89,130,205],"transmission":[6],"of":[7,10,19,35,62,73,96,133,159,204],"large":[8,74],"numbers":[9],"mutually":[11],"interfering":[12],"information":[13],"streams,":[14],"as":[15],"in":[16,77],"case":[18],"aggressive":[20],"spatial":[21],"multiplexing,":[22],"combined":[23],"with":[24,110,190],"requirements":[25],"very":[27],"low":[28],"processing":[29,91,115,131,151,206],"latency":[30,122,132,152],"despite":[31],"frequency":[33],"plateauing":[34],"traditional":[36],"processors,":[37],"initiates":[38],"a":[39,78,102],"need":[40],"to":[41,67,94,163,184,209,212],"revisit":[42],"fundamental":[44],"maximum-likelihood":[45,84],"(ML)":[46],"and,":[47],"consequently,":[48],"sphere-decoding":[50],"(SD)":[51],"detection":[52,135],"problem.":[53],"This":[54],"work":[55],"presents":[56],"design":[58],"and":[59,86,113,153,208],"VLSI":[60],"architecture":[61,119],"MultiSphere;":[63],"first":[65],"method":[66],"massively":[68],"parallelize":[69],"tree":[71],"search":[72],"sphere":[75,99],"decoders":[76],"nearly-concurrent":[79],"manner,":[80],"without":[81,137],"compromising":[82,138],"their":[83],"performance,":[85],"by":[87,123,199],"keeping":[88],"overall":[90],"complexity":[92],"comparable":[93],"that":[95,156],"highly-optimized":[97],"sequential":[98,127],"decoders.":[100],"For":[101],"10":[103,105],"\u00d7":[104],"MIMO":[106,142,177],"spatially":[107],"multiplexed":[108],"system":[109],"16-QAM":[111],"modulation":[112],"32":[114],"elements,":[116,207],"our":[117],"MultiSphere":[118,149,180],"can":[120],"reduce":[121],"29\u00d7":[124],"against":[125],"well-known":[126],"SDs,":[128],"approaching":[129],"linear":[134],"methods,":[136],"ML":[139,147],"optimality.":[140],"In":[141,170],"multicarrier":[143],"systems":[144],"targeting":[145],"exact":[146],"decoding,":[148],"achieves":[150],"hardware":[154],"efficiency":[155],"are":[157,182],"orders":[158],"magnitude":[160],"improved":[161],"compared":[162],"approaches":[164],"employing":[165],"one":[166,202],"SD":[167],"per":[168],"subcarrier.":[169],"addition,":[171],"for":[172],"16\u00d716":[173],"both":[174],"\u201chard\u201dand":[175],"\u201csoft\u201d-output":[176],"systems,":[178],"approximate":[179,193],"versions":[181],"shown":[183],"achieve":[185,210],"similar":[186],"error":[187],"rate":[188],"performance":[189],"state-of-the":[191],"art":[192],"SDs":[194],"having":[195],"akin":[196],"parallelization":[197],"properties,":[198],"using":[200],"only":[201],"tenth":[203],"up":[211],"approximately":[213],"9\u00d7":[214],"increased":[215],"energy":[216],"efficiency.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}