{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2547088232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2016.2625249","title":"APPLES: Efficiently Handling Spin-lock Synchronization on Virtualized Platforms","display_name":"APPLES: Efficiently Handling Spin-lock Synchronization on Virtualized Platforms","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2547088232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2016.2625249","mag":"2547088232"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2016.2625249","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2016.2625249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070914025","display_name":"Jianchen Shan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2780-8803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianchen Shan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023013886","display_name":"Xiaoning Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9947-0437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoning Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044990160","display_name":"Narain Gehani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Narain Gehani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8838,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79310345,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"7","first_page":"1811","last_page":"1824"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7764723300933838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.6987164616584778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinning","display_name":"Spinning","score":0.619055986404419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preemption","display_name":"Preemption","score":0.6035645008087158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lock","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","score":0.5866060853004456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.557120680809021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5347992181777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5026125907897949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.43973371386528015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.4219962954521179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-core-processor","display_name":"Multi-core processor","score":0.4138391613960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3313071131706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.18522921204566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09999001026153564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.09586042165756226}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7764723300933838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.6987164616584778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154815118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q453762","display_name":"Spinning","level":2,"score":0.619055986404419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206952183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193100","display_name":"Preemption","level":2,"score":0.6035645008087158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174839445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134386","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","level":2,"score":0.5866060853004456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.557120680809021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5347992181777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5026125907897949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.43973371386528015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.4219962954521179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78766204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555032","display_name":"Multi-core processor","level":2,"score":0.4138391613960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3313071131706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.18522921204566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09999001026153564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.09586042165756226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2016.2625249","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2016.2625249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1761477925","display_name":"CSR: Medium: Mobile Distributed Computing in the Cloud","funder_award_id":"1409523","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G951495082","display_name":"SHF: Small: Virtualization of Heterogeneous and Non-Uniform Memory Hierarchy","funder_award_id":"1617749","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309374","display_name":"Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130731712","https://openalex.org/W1187994935","https://openalex.org/W1490153164","https://openalex.org/W1556859545","https://openalex.org/W1989283165","https://openalex.org/W2001753130","https://openalex.org/W2007281531","https://openalex.org/W2026630195","https://openalex.org/W2051935709","https://openalex.org/W2070463101","https://openalex.org/W2075698115","https://openalex.org/W2099693331","https://openalex.org/W2102422576","https://openalex.org/W2116672036","https://openalex.org/W2121542813","https://openalex.org/W2129805525","https://openalex.org/W2137890365","https://openalex.org/W2179172388","https://openalex.org/W2278370137","https://openalex.org/W2342187942","https://openalex.org/W2492838329","https://openalex.org/W2545334782","https://openalex.org/W2978655370","https://openalex.org/W4213428324","https://openalex.org/W4243947286","https://openalex.org/W6605274664","https://openalex.org/W6768959830"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088620127","https://openalex.org/W2743348030","https://openalex.org/W2947629119","https://openalex.org/W1963799338","https://openalex.org/W2542775576","https://openalex.org/W2900408237","https://openalex.org/W2036412865","https://openalex.org/W2906562101","https://openalex.org/W2545334782","https://openalex.org/W2160597328"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spin-locks":[0],"are":[1,67,105],"widely":[2],"used":[3,84],"in":[4,91,109,233,277],"software":[5,159],"for":[6,293],"efficient":[7],"synchronization.":[8,247],"However,":[9],"they":[10,75],"cause":[11],"serious":[12],"performance":[13,56,98,285],"degradation":[14],"on":[15,69,85,174,252,291],"virtualized":[16],"platforms,":[17],"such":[18,60],"as":[19,61],"the":[20,27,55,96,122,131,147,154,161,171,181,186,207,224,241,245,253,256,294],"Lock":[21,28],"Holder":[22],"Preemption":[23,30],"(LHP)":[24],"problem":[25],"and":[26,64,198,213,217,229,255],"Waiter":[29],"(LWP)":[31],"problem,":[32],"due":[33],"to":[34,49,71,114,120,125,144,153,179,201,222,239,269],"excessive":[35,42,116,211],"spinning":[36,43,128,134,148,212,215,220,242],"by":[37,210,236,244,286],"virtual":[38,162],"CPUs":[39],"(VCPUs).":[40],"The":[41,136,248,261],"occurs":[44],"when":[45,74],"a":[46,51,92,101,127,192,234],"VCPU":[47,129,140,149,259],"waits":[48],"acquire":[50],"spin-lock.":[52],"To":[53],"address":[54,180,202],"degradation,":[57],"hardware":[58,112],"facilities,":[59],"Intel":[62],"PLE":[63],"AMD":[65],"PF,":[66],"provided":[68],"processors":[70],"preempt":[72,126],"VCPUs":[73,232],"spin":[76],"excessively.":[77],"Although":[78],"these":[79,111,203],"facilities":[80,113],"have":[81,168],"been":[82],"predominantly":[83],"mainstream":[86],"virtualization":[87],"systems,":[88],"using":[89,110],"them":[90],"manner":[93],"that":[94,281],"achieves":[95],"highest":[97],"is":[99,119,138,150,177,250],"still":[100],"challenging":[102],"issue.":[103],"There":[104],"two":[106],"core":[107],"problems":[108,187],"reduce":[115,223,240],"spinning.":[117],"One":[118],"determine":[121],"best":[123],"time":[124,257],"(i.e.,":[130],"selection":[132],"of":[133,258,263,275],"thresholds).":[135],"other":[137],"which":[139,176],"should":[141],"be":[142],"scheduled":[143],"run":[145],"after":[146],"descheduled.":[151],"Due":[152],"semantic":[155],"gap":[156],"between":[157],"different":[158],"layers,":[160],"machine":[163],"monitor":[164],"(VMM)":[165],"does":[166],"not":[167],"information":[169],"about":[170],"computation":[172],"characteristics":[173],"VCPUs,":[175,216],"needed":[178],"above":[182],"problems.":[183,204],"This":[184],"makes":[185],"inherently":[188],"challenging.":[189],"We":[190],"propose":[191],"framework":[193],"named":[194],"AdPtive":[195],"Pause-Loop":[196],"Exiting":[197],"Scheduling":[199],"(APPLES)":[200],"APPLES":[205,226,264,282],"monitors":[206],"overhead":[208],"caused":[209],"preempting":[214],"periodically":[218],"adjusts":[219],"thresholds":[221],"overhead.":[225],"also":[227],"evaluates":[228],"schedules":[230],"\u201cready\u201d":[231],"VM":[235],"their":[237],"potential":[238],"incurred":[243],"spin-lock":[246,298],"evaluation":[249],"based":[251],"causality":[254],"preemptions.":[260],"implementation":[262],"incurs":[265],"only":[266],"minimal":[267],"changes":[268],"existing":[270],"systems":[271],"(about":[272],"100":[273],"lines":[274],"code":[276],"KVM).":[278],"Experiments":[279],"show":[280],"can":[283],"improve":[284],"3$\\sim$49":[287],"percent":[288,290],"(14":[289],"average)":[292],"workloads":[295],"with":[296],"frequent":[297],"operations.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
