{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2485379402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2016.2598342","title":"Delegation of Computation with Verification Outsourcing: Curious Verifiers","display_name":"Delegation of Computation with Verification Outsourcing: Curious Verifiers","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2485379402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2016.2598342","mag":"2485379402"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2016.2598342","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2016.2598342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045319978","display_name":"Gang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1409-252X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018956193","display_name":"George T. Amariucai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4471-6425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George T. Amariucai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University, Ames, IA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University, Ames, IA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100719924","display_name":"Yong Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0445-1848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University, Ames, IA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University, Ames, IA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1597,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91300473,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"3","first_page":"717","last_page":"730"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8711484670639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.8672755360603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7445204854011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.6158552169799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5316016674041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.530951201915741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-primitive","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","score":0.5196053385734558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delegation","display_name":"Delegation","score":0.5023374557495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4633531868457794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.44628071784973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4457559585571289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.41860315203666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.32958364486694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.14423862099647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13763585686683655}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8711484670639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.8672755360603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7445204854011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.6158552169799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5316016674041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.530951201915741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.5196053385734558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86532276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184065","display_name":"Delegation","level":2,"score":0.5023374557495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4633531868457794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.44628071784973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4457559585571289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.41860315203666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32958364486694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14423862099647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13763585686683655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2016.2598342","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2016.2598342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2231948968","display_name":"CAREER: Practical Scheme Design for Supporting Secure and Resilient Resource-Constrained Wireless Networks","funder_award_id":"0644238","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5544532194","display_name":"CT-ER:   Detecting Click Fraud in Pay-Per-Click Streams of Online Advertising Networks","funder_award_id":"0831470","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W175430765","https://openalex.org/W1424543055","https://openalex.org/W1506068270","https://openalex.org/W1555566055","https://openalex.org/W1555820810","https://openalex.org/W1557386445","https://openalex.org/W1566967335","https://openalex.org/W1930567086","https://openalex.org/W1970606468","https://openalex.org/W1970808997","https://openalex.org/W1975199330","https://openalex.org/W1997855358","https://openalex.org/W2013623332","https://openalex.org/W2018746447","https://openalex.org/W2019396864","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2038691311","https://openalex.org/W2043944888","https://openalex.org/W2049982182","https://openalex.org/W2053086236","https://openalex.org/W2080578129","https://openalex.org/W2085025327","https://openalex.org/W2121497543","https://openalex.org/W2131187646","https://openalex.org/W2132605415","https://openalex.org/W2134537508","https://openalex.org/W2134839489","https://openalex.org/W2136624667","https://openalex.org/W2136936712","https://openalex.org/W2138736975","https://openalex.org/W2145166073","https://openalex.org/W2146099890","https://openalex.org/W2147412664","https://openalex.org/W2148352980","https://openalex.org/W2151433956","https://openalex.org/W2154650342","https://openalex.org/W2169657197","https://openalex.org/W2171337840","https://openalex.org/W2192481898","https://openalex.org/W2401610261","https://openalex.org/W2402869180","https://openalex.org/W3126922420","https://openalex.org/W3149604617","https://openalex.org/W6607147124","https://openalex.org/W6630045404","https://openalex.org/W6633271635","https://openalex.org/W6633783865","https://openalex.org/W6640494948","https://openalex.org/W6644040475","https://openalex.org/W6681997733","https://openalex.org/W6682198157","https://openalex.org/W6713217963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2904818008","https://openalex.org/W2904314268","https://openalex.org/W57958781","https://openalex.org/W1554274402","https://openalex.org/W2361781577","https://openalex.org/W4362706650","https://openalex.org/W1488313539","https://openalex.org/W2496342316","https://openalex.org/W1971522943","https://openalex.org/W4205636420"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,107],"the":[1,32,35,37,43,60,77,95,99,102,126,130,150,162,166,185,193,201,205],"Cloud":[2],"Computing":[3],"paradigm,":[4],"a":[5,22,64,176],"user":[6,38],"often":[7],"reduces":[8],"financial,":[9],"personnel,":[10],"and":[11,17,51,72,98,180],"computational":[12,96,155,163],"burdens":[13],"by":[14,114,174],"outsourcing":[15,119,132],"computation":[16],"other":[18],"IT":[19],"services":[20],"to":[21,27,30,41,57,63,93,129,148,159],"professional":[23],"service":[24],"provider.":[25],"However,":[26],"be":[28,49],"able":[29],"assure":[31],"correctness":[33],"of":[34,79,152,192],"result,":[36],"still":[39],"needs":[40],"perform":[42],"verification":[44,47,61,83,118,131,194],"himself.":[45],"Such":[46],"may":[48,74],"tedious":[50],"expensive.":[52],"Consequently,":[53],"users":[54],"are":[55],"likely":[56],"outsource":[58],"(again)":[59],"workload":[62],"third":[65,104,144],"party.":[66],"Other":[67],"scenarios":[68],"such":[69,90],"as":[70],"auditing":[71],"arbitrating":[73],"also":[75],"require":[76],"use":[78],"third-party":[80],"verification.":[81],"Outsourcing":[82],"will":[84],"introduce":[85],"new":[86],"security":[87],"challenges.":[88],"One":[89],"challenge":[91],"is":[92,125,198],"protect":[94],"task":[97,156,164],"results":[100],"from":[101],"untrusted":[103],"party":[105,145],"verifier.":[106],"this":[108,112,124],"work,":[109],"we":[110],"address":[111],"problem":[113],"proposing":[115],"an":[116,142,153,181],"efficient":[117],"scheme.":[120],"To":[121],"our":[122,172,196],"knowledge,":[123],"first":[127],"solution":[128],"problem.":[133],"We":[134,169],"show":[135],"that,":[136],"without":[137,157],"using":[138],"expensive":[139],"fully-homomorphic":[140],"encryption,":[141],"honest-but-curious":[143],"can":[146],"help":[147],"verify":[149],"result":[151,167],"outsourced":[154],"having":[158],"learn":[160],"either":[161],"or":[165],"thereof.":[168],"have":[170],"implemented":[171],"design":[173,197],"combining":[175],"novel":[177],"commitment":[178],"protocol":[179],"additive-homomorphic":[182],"encryption":[183],"in":[184,195,204],"argument":[186,207],"system":[187],"model.":[188],"The":[189],"total":[190],"cost":[191,203],"less":[199],"than":[200],"verifier's":[202],"state-of-the-art":[206],"systems":[208],"that":[209],"rely":[210],"only":[211],"on":[212],"standard":[213],"cryptographic":[214],"assumptions.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
