{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2343556076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2015.2504978","title":"Carbon-Aware Online Control of Geo-Distributed Cloud Services","display_name":"Carbon-Aware Online Control of Geo-Distributed Cloud Services","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2343556076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2015.2504978","mag":"2343556076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2015.2504978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2015.2504978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100760218","display_name":"Zhi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0987-9344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Services Computing Technology and System Lab, Cluster and Grid Computing Lab in the School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Services Computing Technology and System Lab, Cluster and Grid Computing Lab in the School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048398271","display_name":"Fangming Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8570-1345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Services Computing Technology and System Lab, Cluster and Grid Computing Lab in the School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Services Computing Technology and System Lab, Cluster and Grid Computing Lab in the School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056352804","display_name":"Ruolan Zou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruolan Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Services Computing Technology and System Lab, Cluster and Grid Computing Lab in the School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Services Computing Technology and System Lab, Cluster and Grid Computing Lab in the School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039311485","display_name":"Jiangchuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6592-1984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangchuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022420830","display_name":"Hong Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9359-9571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022262922","display_name":"Hai Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-7605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Services Computing Technology and System Lab, Cluster and Grid Computing Lab in the School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Services Computing Technology and System Lab, Cluster and Grid Computing Lab in the School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100760218"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.3509,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":95,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98406795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"9","first_page":"2506","last_page":"2519"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.8053267598152161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7807966470718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-footprint","display_name":"Carbon footprint","score":0.6088961362838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.5572131276130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lyapunov-optimization","display_name":"Lyapunov optimization","score":0.5303992033004761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sizing","display_name":"Sizing","score":0.4363485276699066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.4249190092086792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-level-agreement","display_name":"Service-level agreement","score":0.42235085368156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.39673560857772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3748054504394531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","score":0.36484694480895996}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.8053267598152161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7807966470718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.6088961362838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5572131276130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101403955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6707083","display_name":"Lyapunov optimization","level":5,"score":0.5303992033004761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777767291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1080291","display_name":"Sizing","level":2,"score":0.4363485276699066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.4249190092086792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778160497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869830","display_name":"Service-level agreement","level":3,"score":0.42235085368156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.39673560857772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3748054504394531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.36484694480895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37935115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6707085","display_name":"Lyapunov redesign","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777052490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072826","display_name":"Chaotic","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191544260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1238630","display_name":"Lyapunov exponent","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2015.2504978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2015.2504978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.705.2766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.705.2766","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://grid.hust.edu.cn/fmliu/tpds-carbon-FangmingLiu.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7434893301","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61520106005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100679602","https://openalex.org/W1502871641","https://openalex.org/W1556107429","https://openalex.org/W1983299021","https://openalex.org/W1987328208","https://openalex.org/W1991971657","https://openalex.org/W1999971903","https://openalex.org/W2005318779","https://openalex.org/W2011722036","https://openalex.org/W2026453648","https://openalex.org/W2028964022","https://openalex.org/W2037798990","https://openalex.org/W2061962896","https://openalex.org/W2063037514","https://openalex.org/W2080100260","https://openalex.org/W2083715455","https://openalex.org/W2089961246","https://openalex.org/W2089990924","https://openalex.org/W2090435936","https://openalex.org/W2112694890","https://openalex.org/W2135798231","https://openalex.org/W2137152139","https://openalex.org/W2138993731","https://openalex.org/W2140054687","https://openalex.org/W2156106639","https://openalex.org/W2162344247","https://openalex.org/W2162542615","https://openalex.org/W2201220957","https://openalex.org/W2243699487","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2336945133","https://openalex.org/W2611798620","https://openalex.org/W2908995973","https://openalex.org/W3103320149","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4297972233","https://openalex.org/W4301852635"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2375311683","https://openalex.org/W2366062860","https://openalex.org/W2373777250","https://openalex.org/W2353956655","https://openalex.org/W2020653254","https://openalex.org/W2010454064","https://openalex.org/W2352072014","https://openalex.org/W217279133","https://openalex.org/W2393487946","https://openalex.org/W2373310108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"datacenter":[1],"carbon":[2,45,73,159],"emission":[3,74,100],"has":[4],"become":[5],"an":[6,78],"emerging":[7],"concern":[8],"for":[9],"the":[10,21,37,43,54,91,148],"cloud":[11,55,85],"service":[12,94],"providers.":[13],"Previous":[14],"works":[15],"are":[16],"limited":[17],"on":[18,57,77,128],"cutting":[19],"down":[20],"power":[22],"consumption":[23],"of":[24,42,59,81,112,150],"datacenters":[25],"to":[26,51,116],"defuse":[27],"such":[28,105],"a":[29,106,120],"concern.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"paper,":[33],"we":[34,64,109],"show":[35],"how":[36],"spatial":[38],"and":[39,99,118,134,143,158],"temporal":[40],"variabilities":[41],"electricity":[44,68,92,156],"footprint":[46],"can":[47],"be":[48],"fully":[49],"exploited":[50],"further":[52],"green":[53],"running":[56],"top":[58],"geographically":[60],"distributed":[61],"datacenters.":[62],"Specifically,":[63],"first":[65],"verify":[66],"that":[67],"cost":[69,157],"minimization":[70],"conflicts":[71],"with":[72],"minimization,":[75],"based":[76],"empirical":[79],"study":[80],"several":[82],"representative":[83],"geo-distributed":[84],"services.":[86],"We":[87],"then":[88],"jointly":[89],"consider":[90],"cost,":[93],"level":[95],"agreement":[96],"(SLA)":[97],"requirement,":[98],"reduction":[101],"budget.":[102],"To":[103],"navigate":[104],"three-way":[107],"tradeoff,":[108],"take":[110],"advantage":[111],"Lyapunov":[113],"optimization":[114],"techniques":[115],"design":[117],"analyze":[119],"carbon-aware":[121],"control":[122],"framework,":[123],"which":[124],"makes":[125],"online":[126],"decisions":[127],"geographical":[129],"load":[130],"balancing,":[131],"capacity":[132],"right-sizing,":[133],"server":[135],"speed":[136],"scaling.":[137],"Results":[138],"from":[139],"rigorous":[140],"mathematical":[141],"analysis":[142],"real-world":[144],"trace-driven":[145],"evaluation":[146],"demonstrate":[147],"effectiveness":[149],"our":[151],"framework":[152],"in":[153],"reducing":[154],"both":[155],"emission.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
