{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2388796209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2015.2470238","title":"A Distributed and Scalable Approach to Semi-Intrusive Load Monitoring","display_name":"A Distributed and Scalable Approach to Semi-Intrusive Load Monitoring","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2388796209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2015.2470238","mag":"2388796209"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2015.2470238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2015.2470238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067691107","display_name":"Guoming Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9801-1055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guoming Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100641549","display_name":"Kui Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2069-0032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kui Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065496543","display_name":"Jingsheng Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-0925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23632641","display_name":"Shanghai University of Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/02w4tny03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingsheng Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067691107"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.405,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84472399,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"6","first_page":"1553","last_page":"1565"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11954","display_name":"Energy Efficiency and Management","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8352309465408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.8259575963020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metering-mode","display_name":"Metering mode","score":0.6794570684432983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.588760495185852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5872990489006042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5132362842559814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5055174827575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.4419180750846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-management","display_name":"Load management","score":0.4410715103149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.42934924364089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.413947194814682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4124261736869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1219404935836792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8352309465408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.8259575963020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30905978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815598","display_name":"Metering mode","level":2,"score":0.6794570684432983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.588760495185852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5872990489006042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5132362842559814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5055174827575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4419180750846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.4410715103149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.42934924364089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.413947194814682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4124261736869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1219404935836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpds.2015.2470238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2015.2470238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97130795","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","issn_l":"1045-9219","issn":["1045-9219","1558-2183","2161-9883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G272003469","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"14ZZ150","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321881","funder_display_name":"Shanghai Municipal Education Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4178224709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13JC1403503","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4380843134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"195819339","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G469617374","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61373152","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5192846387","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"14110500800","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G54426868","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61472236","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6252887846","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13ZZ131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321881","funder_display_name":"Shanghai Municipal Education Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8374990108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12JC1404500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8396855732","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61272437","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321881","display_name":"Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/05tewj457"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/03kt66j61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168840469","https://openalex.org/W202728719","https://openalex.org/W1138573735","https://openalex.org/W1969855100","https://openalex.org/W1994042232","https://openalex.org/W2006740054","https://openalex.org/W2010314082","https://openalex.org/W2047861906","https://openalex.org/W2059453880","https://openalex.org/W2066630786","https://openalex.org/W2073516667","https://openalex.org/W2075901867","https://openalex.org/W2081406187","https://openalex.org/W2117995571","https://openalex.org/W2118712128","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2151729265","https://openalex.org/W2160175161","https://openalex.org/W2161708246","https://openalex.org/W2167985623","https://openalex.org/W2175545865","https://openalex.org/W2255051834","https://openalex.org/W2921676705","https://openalex.org/W6606938059","https://openalex.org/W6627345084","https://openalex.org/W6662319118","https://openalex.org/W6677758222","https://openalex.org/W6684888087"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384104878","https://openalex.org/W2360352189","https://openalex.org/W2054457760","https://openalex.org/W2082239223","https://openalex.org/W2351145417","https://openalex.org/W4288765096","https://openalex.org/W4382774707","https://openalex.org/W2377181419","https://openalex.org/W2366499250","https://openalex.org/W4210889285"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-intrusive":[0],"appliance":[1,56,70,91],"load":[2,71,96],"monitoring":[3,52,72],"(NIALM)":[4],"helps":[5],"identify":[6],"major":[7],"energy":[8,26,51,134,176],"guzzlers":[9],"in":[10],"a":[11,47,60,76,80,123,163],"building":[12],"without":[13],"introducing":[14],"extra":[15],"metering":[16,62],"cost.":[17],"It":[18],"motivates":[19],"users":[20],"to":[21,50,89,130],"take":[22],"proper":[23],"actions":[24],"for":[25,53,68,102,178],"saving":[27],"and":[28,64,146,152],"greatly":[29],"facilitates":[30],"demand":[31],"response":[32],"(DR)":[33],"programs.":[34],"Nevertheless,":[35],"NIALM":[36,147],"of":[37,106,126,136,143,162,166,175],"large-scale":[38,55,179],"appliances":[39,108],"is":[40,87],"still":[41],"an":[42],"open":[43],"challenge.":[44],"To":[45],"pursue":[46],"scalable":[48],"solution":[49],"contemporary":[54],"groups,":[57],"we":[58],"propose":[59],"distributed":[61],"platform":[63],"use":[65],"parallel":[66],"optimization":[67],"semi-intrusive":[69],"(SIALM).":[73],"Based":[74],"on":[75],"simple":[77],"power":[78],"model,":[79],"sparse":[81],"switching":[82],"event":[83],"recovering":[84],"(SSER)":[85],"model":[86],"established":[88],"recover":[90,132],"states":[92],"from":[93],"their":[94],"aggregated":[95],"data.":[97,154],"Furthermore,":[98],"the":[99,118,133,141,160,168,173],"sufficient":[100],"conditions":[101,114],"unambiguous":[103],"state":[104],"recovery":[105],"multiple":[107],"are":[109,128],"presented.":[110],"By":[111],"considering":[112],"these":[113],"as":[115,117],"well":[116],"electrical":[119],"network":[120],"topology":[121],"constraint,":[122],"minimum":[124],"number":[125,165],"meters":[127],"obtained":[129],"correctly":[131],"consumption":[135],"individual":[137],"appliances.":[138,180],"We":[139],"evaluate":[140],"performance":[142],"both":[144],"SIALM":[145,169],"with":[148,159],"real-world":[149],"trace":[150],"data":[151],"synthetic":[153],"The":[155],"results":[156],"demonstrate":[157],"that":[158],"help":[161],"small":[164],"meters,":[167],"approach":[170],"significantly":[171],"improves":[172],"accuracy":[174],"disaggregation":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}