{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7151211933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2026.3681688","title":"Band-Kernel Stochastic Learning for Unsupervised Blind Hyperspectral Image Super-Resolution","display_name":"Band-Kernel Stochastic Learning for Unsupervised Blind Hyperspectral Image Super-Resolution","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7151211933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2026.3681688","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41945836"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2026.3681688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2026.3681688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhixiong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2667-3903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixiong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2667-3903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126869900","display_name":"Jingyuan Xia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyuan Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4329-0354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133110693","display_name":"Shengxi Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengxi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4979-9290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102301446","display_name":"Lingyu Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingyu Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8593-3566","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018019726","display_name":"Shuanghui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7496-5433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuanghui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7496-5433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133091055","display_name":"Li Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2011-2873","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133074462","display_name":"Yaowen Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaowen Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7081-266X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133103372","display_name":"Yongxiang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongxiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0682-8365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":51.5551,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99868513,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"8","first_page":"9895","last_page":"9913"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.43309998512268066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.43309998512268066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.15060000121593475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.08489999920129776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6391000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.5958999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-process","display_name":"Stochastic process","score":0.3463999927043915}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7903000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6863999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6391000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.5958999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2026.3681688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2026.3681688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41945836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41945836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3398426495","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62576350","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3864562958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62450131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3937783750","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62131020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5747617250","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62531026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G620386862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62322121","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6301347753","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5143\u5b66\u4e60\u8f85\u52a9\u7684\u65e0\u76d1\u7763ISAR\u6210\u50cf\u81ea\u805a\u7126\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"2026JJ90174","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7552171695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"625B2180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7774348999","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62376283","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hyperspectral":[0],"image":[1,10],"super-resolution":[2],"(HSI-SR)":[3],"is":[4,216],"fundamentally":[5],"more":[6],"difficult":[7],"than":[8],"RGB":[9],"SR,":[11],"since":[12],"its":[13],"ultrahigh":[14],"spectral":[15,118,171,182,213],"dimensionality.":[16],"Existing":[17],"supervised":[18],"methods":[19,38,261],"rely":[20],"on":[21,121,248],"labeled":[22],"training":[23],"data":[24,27],"to":[25,204,276],"obtain":[26],"prior,":[28],"which":[29,76,132,200,227],"incurs":[30],"prohibitive":[31],"collection":[32],"costs":[33,275],"and":[34,43,84,147,176,237,243,251],"limits":[35],"generalization.":[36],"Unsupervised":[37],"individually":[39],"preset":[40],"the":[41,58,79,88,99,126,162,187,191,219,277],"band":[42,60,80,140,236,279],"kernel":[44,82,144,174,192,202,238],"with":[45],"handcrafted":[46],"priors,":[47],"whereas":[48],"this":[49],"decoupling":[50],"modeling":[51],"artificially":[52],"creates":[53],"a":[54,69,92,102,155,169,196,212],"complexity-performance":[55],"trade-off":[56,100],"in":[57],"selected":[59],"number.":[61],"To":[62],"address":[63],"these":[64],"issues,":[65],"we":[66,123],"propose":[67,124],"BKX-HMM,":[68,122],"unified":[70],"statistical":[71],"framework":[72],"for":[73,173,240],"blind":[74,129],"HSI-SR,":[75],"uniformly":[77],"models":[78],"selection,":[81],"estimation,":[83],"HSI":[85,149,177,232,253],"restoration":[86,150,178],"through":[87],"state":[89],"transition":[90,108],"of":[91,113,134,165,222],"hidden":[93],"Markov":[94,107],"model":[95],"(HMM).":[96],"BKX-HMM":[97],"redefines":[98],"as":[101],"distributional":[103],"fitting":[104],"problem:":[105],"each":[106],"progressively":[109],"learns":[110],"optimal":[111],"parameters":[112],"full-band":[114],"distribution":[115],"via":[116],"limited":[117],"observations.":[119],"Based":[120],"BKSR,":[125],"first":[127],"unsupervised":[128],"HSI-SR":[130],"method,":[131],"consists":[133],"three":[135],"synergistic":[136],"modules:":[137],"Gibbs":[138,166],"sampling-based":[139,198],"selection":[141,280],"(GBS),":[142],"test-time-training":[143],"estimation":[145,175,203],"(TKE),":[146],"robust":[148,231],"(RHR).":[151],"These":[152],"modules":[153],"form":[154],"closed-loop":[156],"optimization":[157],"cycle:":[158],"i)":[159],"In":[160,185,210],"GBS,":[161],"dynamic":[163],"ergodicity":[164],"sampling":[167],"provides":[168],"global":[170],"view":[172],"while":[179,271],"maintaining":[180,272],"local":[181],"computations;":[183],"ii)":[184],"TKE,":[186],"GBS-sampled":[188],"bands":[189],"guide":[190],"estimator":[193],"update,":[194],"achieving":[195],"learnable":[197],"mechanism,":[199],"refines":[201],"regularize":[205],"RHR's":[206],"diffusion":[207,225],"trajectory;":[208],"iii)":[209],"RHR,":[211],"hyper-Laplacian":[214],"prior":[215],"integrated":[217],"into":[218],"reverse":[220],"process":[221],"an":[223],"off-the-shelf":[224],"model,":[226],"achieves":[228],"non-i.i.d.":[229,269],"noise":[230],"restoration,":[233],"feedback":[234],"reweights":[235],"importance":[239],"subsequent":[241],"GBS":[242],"TKE":[244],"iterations.":[245],"Extensive":[246],"experiments":[247],"both":[249],"synthetic":[250],"real":[252],"datasets":[254],"demonstrate":[255],"our":[256],"BKSR's":[257],"superiority":[258],"over":[259],"baseline":[260],"across":[262],"diverse":[263],"scenarios":[264],"(e.g.,":[265],"unknown":[266],"Gaussian/motion":[267],"kernel,":[268],"noise)":[270],"comparable":[273],"computational":[274],"classic":[278],"methods.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2026-04-08T00:00:00"}
