{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147131311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2026.3679726","title":"Seeking Flat Minima Over Diverse Surrogates for Improved Adversarial Transferability: A Theoretical Framework and Algorithmic Instantiation","display_name":"Seeking Flat Minima Over Diverse Surrogates for Improved Adversarial Transferability: A Theoretical Framework and Algorithmic Instantiation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147131311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2026.3679726","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41921152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2026.3679726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2026.3679726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028139500","display_name":"Meixi Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meixi Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9955-9117","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034388424","display_name":"Kinwah Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7568-8765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kehan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127850169","display_name":"Yanbo Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I308837","display_name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04en8wb91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I308837"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125878","display_name":"Suzhou Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ebk0c60","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125878"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanbo Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University (Suzhou Campus), Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8530-485X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University (Suzhou Campus), Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I308837","https://openalex.org/I3923682","https://openalex.org/I4210125878"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132560251","display_name":"Rui Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7950-1662","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132636457","display_name":"Baoyuan Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baoyuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2183-5990","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.2305,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97180845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"8","first_page":"9552","last_page":"9570"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.9297999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maxima-and-minima","display_name":"Maxima and minima","score":0.630299985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5555999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.5328999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surrogate-model","display_name":"Surrogate model","score":0.4968000054359436}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9297999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7476999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186633575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845060","display_name":"Maxima and minima","level":2,"score":0.630299985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5555999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5485000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.5328999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131675550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7646884","display_name":"Surrogate model","level":2,"score":0.4968000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.392300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.38089999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778403875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20312394","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","level":3,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2026.3679726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2026.3679726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41921152","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41921152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6479059842","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024B1515020095","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560153690","https://openalex.org/W2029029543","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2328111639","https://openalex.org/W2518143623","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2774644650","https://openalex.org/W2883780447","https://openalex.org/W2962847335","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2963918968","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W2969542116","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W2984699060","https://openalex.org/W2997583194","https://openalex.org/W3035733630","https://openalex.org/W3121523901","https://openalex.org/W3127807678","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3143373604","https://openalex.org/W3171288285","https://openalex.org/W3186991201","https://openalex.org/W3198300623","https://openalex.org/W3212790025","https://openalex.org/W4214634256","https://openalex.org/W4224950673","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4304701424","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4312513141","https://openalex.org/W4312648479","https://openalex.org/W4312697129","https://openalex.org/W4312790346","https://openalex.org/W4312820606","https://openalex.org/W4313141826","https://openalex.org/W4316660635","https://openalex.org/W4378976853","https://openalex.org/W4386066565","https://openalex.org/W4386159698","https://openalex.org/W4386736875","https://openalex.org/W4390871946","https://openalex.org/W4390872540","https://openalex.org/W4393178456","https://openalex.org/W4393212485","https://openalex.org/W4397023214","https://openalex.org/W4401450512","https://openalex.org/W4402727751","https://openalex.org/W4403422358","https://openalex.org/W4410809650","https://openalex.org/W4411244506","https://openalex.org/W4414230226","https://openalex.org/W4414271590","https://openalex.org/W4415798109","https://openalex.org/W4415798809","https://openalex.org/W7125826771","https://openalex.org/W7133187195","https://openalex.org/W7133189067","https://openalex.org/W7133204534","https://openalex.org/W7133216434","https://openalex.org/W7133218905","https://openalex.org/W7133229388","https://openalex.org/W7151053725"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,138],"transfer-based":[1,145],"black-box":[2],"adversarial":[3,12,72,128,182,192],"attack":[4,92,102,146],"setting":[5],"poses":[6],"the":[7,28,78,115,121,127,161,173,190,207,230],"challenge":[8],"of":[9,31,80,85,209,232],"crafting":[10],"an":[11,100],"example":[13],"(AE)":[14],"on":[15,220],"known":[16],"surrogate":[17,116,174,213],"models":[18,179,214,228],"that":[19,67,108,152],"remains":[20],"effective":[21,101],"against":[22,225],"unseen":[23],"target":[24,227],"models.":[25],"Due":[26],"to":[27,39,142,160,186,188,204,215],"practical":[29],"importance":[30],"this":[32,41,59],"task,":[33],"numerous":[34],"methods":[35,46,87,154],"have":[36],"been":[37],"proposed":[38,234],"address":[40],"challenge.":[42],"However,":[43],"most":[44],"previous":[45,86,153],"are":[47],"heuristically":[48],"designed":[49],"and":[50,94,222],"intuitively":[51],"justified,":[52],"lacking":[53],"a":[54,63,90,132,143,196],"theoretical":[55,75,105,167],"foundation.":[56],"To":[57],"bridge":[58],"gap,":[60],"we":[61,150,169],"derive":[62],"novel":[64],"transferability":[65],"bound":[66],"offers":[68],"provable":[69],"guarantees":[70],"for":[71,98,135],"transferability.":[73,137,162,217],"Our":[74,104],"analysis":[76],"has":[77],"advantages":[79],"(i)":[81],"deepening":[82],"our":[83,166,233],"understanding":[84],"by":[88,126,165],"building":[89],"general":[91,144],"framework":[93],"(ii)":[95],"providing":[96],"guidance":[97],"designing":[99],"algorithm.":[103],"results":[106,139],"demonstrate":[107,229],"optimizing":[109],"AEs":[110,187,210],"toward":[111],"flat":[112],"minima":[113],"over":[114,211],"model":[117,123,129,175,193],"set,":[118],"while":[119],"controlling":[120],"surrogate-target":[122],"shift":[124],"measured":[125],"discrepancy,":[130],"yields":[131],"comprehensive":[133],"guarantee":[134],"AE":[136],"further":[140],"lead":[141],"framework,":[147],"within":[148],"which":[149,178],"observe":[151],"consider":[155],"only":[156],"partial":[157],"factors":[158],"contributing":[159],"Algorithmically,":[163],"inspired":[164],"results,":[168],"first":[170],"elaborately":[171],"construct":[172],"set":[176],"in":[177],"exhibit":[180],"diverse":[181,212],"vulnerabilities":[183],"with":[184],"respect":[185],"narrow":[189],"instantiated":[191],"discrepancy.":[194],"Then,":[195],"model-Diversity-compatible":[197],"Reverse":[198],"Adversarial":[199],"Perturbation":[200],"(DRAP)":[201],"is":[202],"generated":[203],"effectively":[205],"promote":[206],"flatness":[208],"improve":[216],"Extensive":[218],"experiments":[219],"NIPS2017":[221],"CIFAR-10":[223],"datasets":[224],"various":[226],"effectiveness":[231],"attack.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}
