{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416649973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3637037","title":"From System 1 to System 2: A Survey of Reasoning Large Language Models","display_name":"From System 1 to System 2: A Survey of Reasoning Large Language Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416649973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3637037","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41289126"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3637037","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3637037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/94892/7/Zhang-etal-IEEE-TPAMI-2025-From-system-1-to-system-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083907422","display_name":"Duzhen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4280-431X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Duzhen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019199790","display_name":"Zhongzhi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-7033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong-Zhi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100349273","display_name":"Mingliang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6421-7730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Liang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100414867","display_name":"Jiaxin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4186-8397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076640378","display_name":"Zengyan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3825-5474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zengyan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong","City University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094363868","display_name":"Yuxuan Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3955-7272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxuan Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong","City University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002394660","display_name":"Hui Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5517-3556"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haotian Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xiaohongshu Inc, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xiaohongshu Inc, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101773557","display_name":"Junhao Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9124-2467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junhao Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009070585","display_name":"Xiuyi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9351-4160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuyi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422689","display_name":"Yingying Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5746-8200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78974044","display_name":"East China University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01d1erx18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingying Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","East China, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769","https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039310938","display_name":"Fei Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6412-9140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014443478","display_name":"Jiahua Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8545-4447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahua Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101206779","display_name":"Zhijiang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6232-5957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijiang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong","City University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Le Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0345-9899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100714202","display_name":"Cheng\u2010Lin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6743-4175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Lin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083907422"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.0589,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98647109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"3","first_page":"3335","last_page":"3354"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.18639999628067017,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.18639999628067017,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.1225999966263771,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.10530000180006027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reasoning-system","display_name":"Reasoning system","score":0.6916999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology-of-reasoning","display_name":"Psychology of reasoning","score":0.6101999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-reasoning","display_name":"Automated reasoning","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-based-reasoning","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","score":0.5105999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5002999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-based-reasoning","display_name":"Case-based reasoning","score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-reasoning","display_name":"Logical reasoning","score":0.4862000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verbal-reasoning","display_name":"Verbal reasoning","score":0.48159998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-reasoning","display_name":"Qualitative reasoning","score":0.45190000534057617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89288958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301504","display_name":"Reasoning system","level":2,"score":0.6916999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6535000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183521366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256422","display_name":"Psychology of reasoning","level":4,"score":0.6101999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37335422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888134","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","level":3,"score":0.5105999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5002999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20162079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151406","display_name":"Case-based reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43971567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3142865","display_name":"Logical reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4862000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36964233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7920942","display_name":"Verbal reasoning","level":3,"score":0.48159998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83725634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268699","display_name":"Qualitative reasoning","level":2,"score":0.45190000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97364631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484284","display_name":"Deductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4453999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777508537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936620","display_name":"Visual reasoning","level":2,"score":0.41839998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86827895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098582","display_name":"Opportunistic reasoning","level":4,"score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3953999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103057564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4751139","display_name":"Analytic reasoning","level":3,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115086926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17004651","display_name":"Causal reasoning","level":3,"score":0.32839998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155911833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3817354","display_name":"Spatial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159032336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488768","display_name":"Non-monotonic logic","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107848011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680756","display_name":"Adaptive reasoning","level":4,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105002631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4833645","display_name":"Subject-matter expert","level":3,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27177047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Systems thinking","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517642484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388514","display_name":"Intelligence analysis","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3637037","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3637037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41289126","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41289126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:94892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/1325630.html>","pdf_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/94892/7/Zhang-etal-IEEE-TPAMI-2025-From-system-1-to-system-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:94892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/1325630.html>","pdf_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/94892/7/Zhang-etal-IEEE-TPAMI-2025-From-system-1-to-system-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G207435534","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62436009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416649973.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416649973.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W1513576223","https://openalex.org/W1966614680","https://openalex.org/W1997840820","https://openalex.org/W2020156556","https://openalex.org/W2035855976","https://openalex.org/W2043787485","https://openalex.org/W2106705916","https://openalex.org/W2126316555","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2175268987","https://openalex.org/W2549955619","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2802092539","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2982316857","https://openalex.org/W3109247823","https://openalex.org/W3162922479","https://openalex.org/W4205991051","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4285796263","https://openalex.org/W4293510390","https://openalex.org/W4385569771","https://openalex.org/W4385569968","https://openalex.org/W4385571689","https://openalex.org/W4385573506","https://openalex.org/W4385573990","https://openalex.org/W4385768252","https://openalex.org/W4389520747","https://openalex.org/W4389521066","https://openalex.org/W4389523811","https://openalex.org/W4389524159","https://openalex.org/W4390345695","https://openalex.org/W4390940921","https://openalex.org/W4391136507","https://openalex.org/W4399758175","https://openalex.org/W4401043214","https://openalex.org/W4401043434","https://openalex.org/W4402671620","https://openalex.org/W4402671689","https://openalex.org/W4402671950","https://openalex.org/W4402671952","https://openalex.org/W4402672106","https://openalex.org/W4402683732","https://openalex.org/W4402684228","https://openalex.org/W4402716477","https://openalex.org/W4402727405","https://openalex.org/W4403705884","https://openalex.org/W4403808928","https://openalex.org/W4404781795","https://openalex.org/W4404781911","https://openalex.org/W4404782964","https://openalex.org/W4404783013","https://openalex.org/W4411113516","https://openalex.org/W4411119350","https://openalex.org/W4411119596","https://openalex.org/W4411119840","https://openalex.org/W4412377895","https://openalex.org/W4412888562","https://openalex.org/W4412889815","https://openalex.org/W4412889902","https://openalex.org/W4412944664","https://openalex.org/W4412945354","https://openalex.org/W4412945719","https://openalex.org/W4414281281","https://openalex.org/W4414360467","https://openalex.org/W4415070954","https://openalex.org/W4415796274","https://openalex.org/W4415797351","https://openalex.org/W4415797621","https://openalex.org/W4415800540","https://openalex.org/W4416034427","https://openalex.org/W4416036570","https://openalex.org/W4416036988","https://openalex.org/W6922480057","https://openalex.org/W7118167202","https://openalex.org/W7125707825"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Achieving":[0],"human-level":[1],"intelligence":[2],"requires":[3],"refining":[4],"the":[5,8,14,53,65,96,115,121,134,148,156,178,201],"transition":[6],"from":[7],"fast,":[9],"intuitive":[10],"System":[11,18,22,29,71,100,125],"1":[12,23],"to":[13,143,199,214],"slower,":[15],"more":[16,36],"deliberate":[17,97],"2":[19,30,72,101,126],"reasoning.":[20],"While":[21],"excels":[24],"in":[25,87,117,220],"quick,":[26],"heuristic":[27],"decisions,":[28],"relies":[31],"on":[32],"logical":[33],"reasoning":[34,75,98,137,145,152,162,171,182,191],"for":[35,55,136,189],"accurate":[37],"judgments":[38],"and":[39,80,92,102,120,154,193,217],"reduced":[40],"biases.":[41],"Foundational":[42],"Large":[43],"Language":[44],"Models":[45],"(LLMs)":[46],"excel":[47],"at":[48],"fast":[49],"decision-making":[50],"but":[51],"lack":[52],"depth":[54],"complex":[56],"reasoning,":[57],"as":[58,90,210],"they":[59],"have":[60,83],"not":[61],"yet":[62],"fully":[63],"embraced":[64],"step-by-step":[66],"analysis":[67],"characteristic":[68],"of":[69,99,114,124,150,170,177,180],"true":[70],"thinking.":[73],"Recently,":[74],"LLMs":[76,119,192],"like":[77],"OpenAI's":[78],"o1/o3":[79],"DeepSeek's":[81],"R1":[82],"demonstrated":[84],"expert-level":[85],"performance":[86,179],"fields":[88],"such":[89],"mathematics":[91],"coding,":[93],"closely":[94],"mimicking":[95],"showcasing":[103],"human-like":[104],"cognitive":[105],"abilities.":[106],"This":[107],"survey":[108,207],"begins":[109],"with":[110],"a":[111,195,211],"brief":[112],"overview":[113,169],"progress":[116,219],"foundational":[118],"early":[122],"development":[123],"technologies,":[127],"exploring":[128],"how":[129,142],"their":[130],"combination":[131],"has":[132],"paved":[133],"way":[135],"LLMs.":[138,183],"Next,":[139],"we":[140,166,185],"discuss":[141],"construct":[144],"LLMs,":[146],"trace":[147],"evolution":[149],"various":[151],"models,":[153],"examine":[155],"core":[157],"methods":[158],"that":[159],"enable":[160],"advanced":[161],"behind":[163],"them.":[164],"Additionally,":[165],"provide":[167],"an":[168,174],"benchmarks,":[172],"offering":[173],"in-depth":[175],"comparison":[176],"representative":[181],"Finally,":[184],"explore":[186],"promising":[187],"directions":[188],"advancing":[190],"maintain":[194],"real-time":[196],"GitHub":[197],"Repository":[198],"track":[200],"latest":[202],"developments.":[203],"We":[204],"hope":[205],"this":[206,221],"will":[208],"serve":[209],"valuable":[212],"resource":[213],"inspire":[215],"innovation":[216],"drive":[218],"rapidly":[222],"evolving":[223],"field.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}