{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413344258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3600680","title":"Unsupervised Gaze Representation Learning by Switching Features","display_name":"Unsupervised Gaze Representation Learning by Switching Features","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413344258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3600680","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40828694"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3600680","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3600680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025035931","display_name":"Yunjia Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunjia Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9540-9444","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091220289","display_name":"Jiabei Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3256-4524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiabei Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3256-4524","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050297728","display_name":"Shiguang Shan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8348-392X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiguang Shan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8348-392X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xilin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3024-4404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xilin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3024-4404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16393998,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"1","first_page":"62","last_page":"78"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9592000246047974,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.7406759858131409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7295713424682617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7254976630210876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5772119164466858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.46902361512184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4424842894077301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42202141880989075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41083037853240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3680347800254822}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.7406759858131409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7295713424682617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7254976630210876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5772119164466858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.46902361512184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4424842894077301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42202141880989075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41083037853240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3680347800254822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3600680","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3600680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40828694","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40828694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3333740817","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176248","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8312731905","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2336213","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1765423497","https://openalex.org/W1987411016","https://openalex.org/W1988798713","https://openalex.org/W1995694455","https://openalex.org/W2027879843","https://openalex.org/W2060841334","https://openalex.org/W2072344378","https://openalex.org/W2085790719","https://openalex.org/W2089468765","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2101926813","https://openalex.org/W2107486366","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2321533354","https://openalex.org/W2417299834","https://openalex.org/W2468114283","https://openalex.org/W2557669140","https://openalex.org/W2599837529","https://openalex.org/W2736934026","https://openalex.org/W2743391672","https://openalex.org/W2765629358","https://openalex.org/W2778268008","https://openalex.org/W2793218794","https://openalex.org/W2798434327","https://openalex.org/W2805941539","https://openalex.org/W2883725317","https://openalex.org/W2884915206","https://openalex.org/W2897890508","https://openalex.org/W2902615807","https://openalex.org/W2903585023","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2982717194","https://openalex.org/W2986102820","https://openalex.org/W2998355285","https://openalex.org/W2998387309","https://openalex.org/W3034548728","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3039785298","https://openalex.org/W3044955494","https://openalex.org/W3093575810","https://openalex.org/W3096147990","https://openalex.org/W3179869298","https://openalex.org/W3185469516","https://openalex.org/W3204887624","https://openalex.org/W4213306478","https://openalex.org/W4248577424","https://openalex.org/W4280492456","https://openalex.org/W4292827939","https://openalex.org/W4312290632","https://openalex.org/W4312303088","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4386832346","https://openalex.org/W4390872741","https://openalex.org/W4395470955","https://openalex.org/W4402722904","https://openalex.org/W4402967467","https://openalex.org/W4404005459","https://openalex.org/W4405415050","https://openalex.org/W4406610350","https://openalex.org/W4408182673"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3174759195","https://openalex.org/W3196155444","https://openalex.org/W4321844043","https://openalex.org/W3210156800","https://openalex.org/W4390062853","https://openalex.org/W3167013339","https://openalex.org/W4287121366","https://openalex.org/W4297883248","https://openalex.org/W4255830763","https://openalex.org/W1583266947"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,14,126,198],"prevalent":[2],"to":[3,7,16,52,113,128,160],"leverage":[4],"unlabeled":[5],"data":[6],"train":[8],"deep":[9],"learning":[10,29,50],"models":[11],"when":[12],"it":[13],"difficult":[15],"collect":[17],"large-scale":[18],"annotated":[19],"datasets.":[20],"However,":[21],"for":[22,116],"3D":[23],"gaze":[24,74,162,175,196],"estimation,":[25],"most":[26],"existing":[27],"unsupervised":[28,49],"methods":[30],"face":[31,169],"challenges":[32],"in":[33],"distinguishing":[34],"subtle":[35],"gaze-relevant":[36,55],"information":[37,64,90,131],"from":[38,164],"dominant":[39],"gaze-irrelevant":[40,58],"information.":[41,150],"To":[42],"address":[43],"this":[44],"issue,":[45],"we":[46,140,155],"propose":[47],"an":[48],"framework":[51,86,125],"disentangle":[53],"the":[54,57,62,72,77,85,94,108,114,123,136,143,153,165,179,184,195],"and":[56,75,103,147,158,168,181,191],"information,":[59],"by":[60,91],"seeking":[61],"shared":[63,89,149],"of":[65,68,107,135],"a":[66],"pair":[67],"input":[69],"images":[70,95,167],"with":[71,76],"same":[73,78],"eye":[79,166],"respectively.":[80,171],"Specifically,":[81],"given":[82],"two":[83,97,101],"images,":[84,170],"finds":[87],"their":[88,148],"first":[92],"encoding":[93],"into":[96,132],"latent":[98,137],"features":[99,109],"via":[100],"encoders":[102],"then":[104],"switching":[105],"part":[106],"before":[110],"feeding":[111],"them":[112],"decoders":[115],"image":[117,145],"reconstruction.":[118],"We":[119],"theoretically":[120],"prove":[121],"that":[122,178,194],"proposed":[124],"able":[127],"encode":[129],"different":[130,133],"parts":[134],"feature":[138,197],"if":[139],"properly":[141],"select":[142],"training":[144],"pairs":[146],"Based":[151],"on":[152,173],"framework,":[154],"derive":[156],"Cross-Encoder":[157,180],"Cross-Encoder++":[159,182],"learn":[161],"representation":[163],"Experiments":[172],"public":[174],"datasets":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"outperform":[183],"competitive":[185],"methods.":[186],"The":[187],"ablation":[188],"study":[189],"quantitatively":[190],"qualitatively":[192],"shows":[193],"successfully":[199],"extracted.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
