{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413344199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3599830","title":"Frequency-Based Comprehensive Prompt Learning for Vision-Language Models","display_name":"Frequency-Based Comprehensive Prompt Learning for Vision-Language Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413344199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3599830","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40828704"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3599830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3599830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034601380","display_name":"Liangchen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1640-8483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liangchen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042507268","display_name":"Nannan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4695-6134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nannan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418527","display_name":"Chen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0579-2353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058058294","display_name":"Decheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6550-212X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Decheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011324535","display_name":"Xi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5791-3674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101313930","display_name":"Xinbo Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7985-0037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinbo Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065250332","display_name":"Tongliang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9640-6472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tongliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sydney AI Center, School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia","Sydney AI Center, School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sydney AI Center, School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sydney AI Center, School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034601380"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2181,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82585999,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"12","first_page":"11974","last_page":"11989"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9045000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7013588547706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6470284461975098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4362235367298126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3916344940662384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.38770031929016113}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7013588547706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6470284461975098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4362235367298126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3916344940662384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.38770031929016113}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3599830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3599830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40828704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40828704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2452297484","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QTZX23042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3157944048","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024GXZDCYL-02-10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4297946667","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A2096","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5453829200","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372348","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G913836228","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62036007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12634471","https://openalex.org/W1977295328","https://openalex.org/W2017814585","https://openalex.org/W2031614119","https://openalex.org/W2047643928","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2128532956","https://openalex.org/W2138011018","https://openalex.org/W2143668817","https://openalex.org/W2155904486","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2207849498","https://openalex.org/W2289708887","https://openalex.org/W2382313035","https://openalex.org/W2467139031","https://openalex.org/W2533598788","https://openalex.org/W2745461083","https://openalex.org/W2795758732","https://openalex.org/W2964194231","https://openalex.org/W2979938149","https://openalex.org/W3034771037","https://openalex.org/W3070078896","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3151130473","https://openalex.org/W3189180948","https://openalex.org/W3198377975","https://openalex.org/W3204699193","https://openalex.org/W3207478986","https://openalex.org/W3213454282","https://openalex.org/W3216551675","https://openalex.org/W4214666412","https://openalex.org/W4226058394","https://openalex.org/W4229453513","https://openalex.org/W4233762729","https://openalex.org/W4283819124","https://openalex.org/W4312310776","https://openalex.org/W4312747482","https://openalex.org/W4312769131","https://openalex.org/W4312916726","https://openalex.org/W4312960937","https://openalex.org/W4313026212","https://openalex.org/W4382999123","https://openalex.org/W4385210901","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386065763","https://openalex.org/W4386071547","https://openalex.org/W4386072228","https://openalex.org/W4386075580","https://openalex.org/W4386075882","https://openalex.org/W4388145471","https://openalex.org/W4388519991","https://openalex.org/W4389890864","https://openalex.org/W4390203943","https://openalex.org/W4390872570","https://openalex.org/W4390872773","https://openalex.org/W4390873714","https://openalex.org/W4390873802","https://openalex.org/W4390874394","https://openalex.org/W4390874497","https://openalex.org/W4391697001","https://openalex.org/W4392172801","https://openalex.org/W4392980188","https://openalex.org/W4401109685","https://openalex.org/W4401367304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"targets":[2],"to":[3,17,27,82,154,183],"learn":[4],"multiple":[5],"comprehensive":[6],"text":[7,152,172],"prompts":[8,153,173],"that":[9,189],"can":[10,121,174],"describe":[11,176],"the":[12,55,89,94,110,136,158,170,177,192],"visual":[13,57,69,86,95,128,163,179],"concepts":[14,180],"from":[15,88,181],"coarse":[16,182],"fine,":[18],"thereby":[19],"endowing":[20],"pre-trained":[21,60],"VLMs":[22,39,61],"with":[23,143,157],"better":[24,141],"transfer":[25],"ability":[26],"various":[28,196],"downstream":[29],"tasks.":[30],"We":[31],"focus":[32],"on":[33,37,195],"exploring":[34],"this":[35,41,73],"idea":[36],"transformer-based":[38,56],"since":[40],"kind":[42],"of":[43,59,93,112,118,135],"architecture":[44],"achieves":[45,191],"more":[46],"compelling":[47],"performances":[48,194],"than":[49],"CNN-based":[50],"ones.":[51],"Unfortunately,":[52],"unlike":[53],"CNNs,":[54],"encoder":[58],"cannot":[62],"naturally":[63],"provide":[64],"discriminative":[65],"and":[66,115,125,149,160],"representative":[67,84],"local":[68,85,127,162],"information.":[70],"To":[71,140],"solve":[72],"problem,":[74],"we":[75,120],"propose":[76],"Frequency-based":[77],"Comprehensive":[78],"Prompt":[79],"Learning":[80],"(FCPrompt)":[81],"excavate":[83],"information":[87,116,129,164],"redundant":[90],"output":[91],"features":[92,100],"encoder.":[96],"FCPrompt":[97,146,190],"transforms":[98],"these":[99],"into":[101],"frequency":[102,133,138],"domain":[103],"via":[104,165],"Discrete":[105],"Cosine":[106],"Transform":[107],"(DCT).":[108],"Taking":[109],"advantages":[111],"energy":[113],"concentration":[114],"orthogonality":[117],"DCT,":[119],"obtain":[122],"compact,":[123],"informative":[124],"disentangled":[126],"by":[130],"leveraging":[131],"specific":[132],"components":[134],"transformed":[137],"features.":[139],"fit":[142],"transformer":[144],"architectures,":[145],"further":[147],"adopts":[148],"optimizes":[150],"different":[151],"respectively":[155],"align":[156],"global":[159],"frequency-based":[161],"a":[166],"dual-branch":[167],"framework.":[168],"Finally,":[169],"learned":[171],"thus":[175],"entire":[178],"fine":[184],"comprehensively.":[185],"Extensive":[186],"experiments":[187],"indicate":[188],"state-of-the-art":[193],"benchmarks.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
