{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412795918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3594360","title":"SEMI-CAVA: A Causal Variational Approach to Semi-Supervised Learning","display_name":"SEMI-CAVA: A Causal Variational Approach to Semi-Supervised Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412795918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3594360","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40742852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3594360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3594360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104328467","display_name":"Saptarshi Saha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7178-8646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saptarshi Saha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India","Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7178-8646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038295134","display_name":"Pratyush Kumar Sahoo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pratyush Kumar Sahoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India","Indian Statistical Institute, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5471-5398","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Statistical Institute, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024170958","display_name":"Utpal Garain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7207-5018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Utpal Garain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India","Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7207-5018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8084,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86060406,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"11","first_page":"10022","last_page":"10032"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.8177000284194946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.8177000284194946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.7013000249862671,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6797237396240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6075949668884277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4565623998641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38343679904937744}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6797237396240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6075949668884277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4565623998641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38343679904937744}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3594360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3594360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40742852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40742852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6965463688","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSRP 6702-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321027","funder_display_name":"Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321027","display_name":"Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced Research","ror":"https://ror.org/017aem598"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794825826","https://openalex.org/W2903782687","https://openalex.org/W2949736877","https://openalex.org/W2964159205","https://openalex.org/W2991372685","https://openalex.org/W3015930014","https://openalex.org/W3173770676","https://openalex.org/W3176726917","https://openalex.org/W3180562345","https://openalex.org/W3202897123","https://openalex.org/W4221162144","https://openalex.org/W4317436377","https://openalex.org/W4390872874","https://openalex.org/W4413642769"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W2033914206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1,35],"has":[2],"advanced":[3],"rapidly,":[4],"but":[5],"relies":[6],"heavily":[7],"on":[8,43,150,162],"large-labeled":[9],"datasets":[10,153],"for":[11,90],"effective":[12],"training.":[13],"This":[14],"is":[15,25,47],"particularly":[16],"challenging":[17],"in":[18],"fields":[19],"like":[20],"medicine,":[21],"where":[22,170],"expert":[23],"labeling":[24],"costly,":[26],"labor-intensive,":[27],"and":[28,32,97,109,168],"prone":[29],"to":[30,50,60,74,114,137],"bias":[31],"error.":[33],"Semi-supervised":[34],"(SSL)":[36],"addresses":[37],"this":[38,80],"challenge":[39],"by":[40,64],"reducing":[41],"reliance":[42],"labeled":[44],"data.":[45],"SSL":[46,61],"closely":[48],"tied":[49],"the":[51,76,102,127,144],"concept":[52],"of":[53,154],"causation.":[54],"However,":[55],"recent":[56],"works":[57],"relating":[58],"causality":[59,96],"are":[62],"limited":[63],"modeling":[65],"only":[66],"low-dimensional":[67],"observations":[68],"or":[69],"designing":[70],"a":[71,106,111],"plug-in":[72],"module":[73],"alleviate":[75],"class":[77],"imbalance.":[78],"In":[79],"paper,":[81],"we":[82,122,158],"take":[83],"steps":[84],"towards":[85],"training":[86],"causal":[87,134],"generative":[88],"models":[89],"semi-supervised":[91],"learning,":[92],"combining":[93],"principles":[94],"from":[95],"variational":[98],"inference.":[99],"We":[100],"interpret":[101],"Mixup":[103],"strategy":[104],"as":[105],"stochastic":[107],"intervention":[108],"introduce":[110],"consistency":[112],"loss":[113],"promote":[115],"coherent":[116],"latent":[117,129],"representations.":[118],"Under":[119],"reasonable":[120],"assumptions,":[121],"provide":[123],"theoretical":[124],"guarantees":[125],"that":[126],"learned":[128],"representations":[130],"align":[131],"with":[132],"true":[133],"factors":[135],"up":[136],"permissible":[138],"ambiguities.":[139],"The":[140],"experimental":[141],"results":[142],"show":[143],"proposed":[145],"approach":[146],"achieves":[147,172],"state-of-the-art":[148],"performance":[149],"several":[151],"medical":[152],"different":[155],"modalities.":[156],"Additionally,":[157],"test":[159],"our":[160],"model":[161],"standard":[163],"benchmarking":[164],"datasets:":[165],"CIFAR10,":[166],"CIFAR100,":[167],"SVHN,":[169],"it":[171],"competitive":[173],"performance.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}