{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412795949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3594086","title":"SA3Det++: Side-Aware Quality Estimation for Semi-Supervised 3D Object Detection","display_name":"SA3Det++: Side-Aware Quality Estimation for Semi-Supervised 3D Object Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412795949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3594086","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40742841"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3594086","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3594086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054606798","display_name":"Wenfei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3599-7659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenfei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration/School of Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","School of information science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration/School of Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of information science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007421671","display_name":"Chuxin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-7677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuxin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration/School of Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","School of information science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-7677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration/School of Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of information science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100648981","display_name":"Tianzhu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1856-9564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianzhu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration/School of Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","School of information science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1856-9564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration/School of Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of information science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046305086","display_name":"Yongdong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1151-1792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongdong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","School of information science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1151-1792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of information science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Feng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7266-5579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","School of information science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7266-5579","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of information science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72789445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"11","first_page":"10664","last_page":"10679"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7619194388389587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7499186992645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6515417098999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5429750084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5374135971069336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5190085172653198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4970381557941437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4835776686668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pose","display_name":"Pose","score":0.4762282967567444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viola\u2013jones-object-detection-framework","display_name":"Viola\u2013Jones object detection framework","score":0.41059058904647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3511202931404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.16802090406417847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.1194365918636322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08961334824562073}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7619194388389587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7499186992645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6515417098999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5429750084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5374135971069336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5190085172653198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4970381557941437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4835776686668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.4762282967567444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182521987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493877","display_name":"Viola\u2013Jones object detection framework","level":5,"score":0.41059058904647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3511202931404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.16802090406417847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.1194365918636322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08961334824562073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3594086","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3594086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40742841","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40742841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1691810814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62306294","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6545572955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12150007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1923184257","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2565472677","https://openalex.org/W2594519801","https://openalex.org/W2767566874","https://openalex.org/W2911486422","https://openalex.org/W2962677013","https://openalex.org/W2963120444","https://openalex.org/W2963785012","https://openalex.org/W2963943295","https://openalex.org/W2981958729","https://openalex.org/W2982363097","https://openalex.org/W2988715931","https://openalex.org/W3008105217","https://openalex.org/W3034314779","https://openalex.org/W3034602892","https://openalex.org/W3035057392","https://openalex.org/W3114371366","https://openalex.org/W3118341329","https://openalex.org/W3129901004","https://openalex.org/W3158661000","https://openalex.org/W3172507542","https://openalex.org/W3174505228","https://openalex.org/W3176187859","https://openalex.org/W3176748778","https://openalex.org/W3178218920","https://openalex.org/W3180217530","https://openalex.org/W3194543108","https://openalex.org/W3202868380","https://openalex.org/W3204439495","https://openalex.org/W3215207332","https://openalex.org/W4214526701","https://openalex.org/W4285262093","https://openalex.org/W4293811845","https://openalex.org/W4380763527","https://openalex.org/W4385801164","https://openalex.org/W4386065792","https://openalex.org/W4386075772","https://openalex.org/W4386076058","https://openalex.org/W4390871662","https://openalex.org/W4390873335","https://openalex.org/W4390874476","https://openalex.org/W4393149594"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3160582076","https://openalex.org/W3204852000","https://openalex.org/W2071044722","https://openalex.org/W2965402078","https://openalex.org/W2963251476","https://openalex.org/W4292830139","https://openalex.org/W4297797959","https://openalex.org/W4319309705","https://openalex.org/W4297491714","https://openalex.org/W4256727525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Semi-supervised":[0],"3D":[1],"object":[2,188],"detection":[3],"from":[4,68],"point":[5],"cloud":[6],"aims":[7],"to":[8,43,81,90,118,151],"train":[9],"a":[10,13,20,69,77,110,181,193,198,204],"detector":[11],"with":[12,47,100],"small":[14],"number":[15,22,112],"of":[16,23,56,113,158,170,192],"labeled":[17],"data":[18],"and":[19,37,64,86,147,203,224],"large":[21,111],"unlabeled":[24],"data.":[25],"Among":[26],"existing":[27],"methods,":[28,58],"the":[29,38,48,54,62,96,119,138,144,168,213,218],"pseudo-label":[30,206],"based":[31],"methods":[32,220],"have":[33],"achieved":[34],"superior":[35],"performance,":[36],"core":[39],"lies":[40],"in":[41],"how":[42],"select":[44],"high-quality":[45],"pseudo-labels":[46,85,114],"designed":[49],"quality":[50,66,103,183,200],"evaluation":[51,165,225],"criterion.":[52],"Despite":[53],"success":[55],"these":[57],"they":[59,75,141],"all":[60],"consider":[61],"localization":[63,73,102,196],"classification":[65,139,148,163],"estimation":[67,184,201],"global":[70,78,121],"perspective.":[71],"For":[72,137],"quality,":[74,140],"use":[76],"score":[79,146,150],"threshold":[80],"filter":[82,152],"out":[83,153],"low-quality":[84],"assign":[87],"equal":[88],"importance":[89,169],"each":[91],"side":[92,195],"during":[93],"training,":[94],"ignoring":[95],"fact":[97],"that":[98,131,212],"sides":[99,130],"different":[101,222],"should":[104],"not":[105],"be":[106],"treat":[107],"equally.":[108],"Besides,":[109],"are":[115,132],"discarded":[116],"due":[117],"high":[120],"threshold,":[122],"which":[123,190],"may":[124],"also":[125],"contain":[126],"some":[127],"correctly":[128],"predicted":[129],"helpful":[133],"for":[134,186],"model":[135],"training.":[136],"usually":[142],"combine":[143],"objectness":[145,173],"confidence":[149,164],"pseudo-labels.":[154],"The":[155],"main":[156],"focus":[157],"them":[159],"is":[160],"designing":[161],"effective":[162],"metrics,":[166],"neglecting":[167],"predicting":[171],"better":[172],"score.":[174],"In":[175],"this":[176],"paper,":[177],"we":[178],"propose":[179],"SA3Det++,":[180],"side-aware":[182,199],"method":[185,215],"semi-supervised":[187],"detection,":[189],"consists":[191],"probabilistic":[194],"strategy,":[197,202],"soft":[205],"selection":[207],"strategy.":[208],"Extensive":[209],"results":[210],"demonstrate":[211],"proposed":[214],"consistently":[216],"outperforms":[217],"baseline":[219],"under":[221],"scenes":[223],"criterions.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}