{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412695691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3592901","title":"GradBias: Unveiling Word Influence on Bias in Text-to-Image Generative Models","display_name":"GradBias: Unveiling Word Influence on Bias in Text-to-Image Generative Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412695691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3592901","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40711896"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3592901","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3592901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2025.3592901","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113686107","display_name":"Moreno D\u2019Inc\u00e0","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Moreno D'Inca","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004548591","display_name":"Elia Peruzzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0119-3783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elia Peruzzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017971549","display_name":"Massimiliano Mancini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8595-9955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimiliano Mancini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046341376","display_name":"Xingqian Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129030","display_name":"American Metal Processing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03953th04","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129030"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingqian Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["SHI Labs &#x0040; Georgia Tech &amp; UIUC &amp; Picsart AI Research (PAIR), USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SHI Labs &#x0040; Georgia Tech &amp; UIUC &amp; Picsart AI Research (PAIR), USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129030"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002072267","display_name":"Humphrey Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2922-5663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129030","display_name":"American Metal Processing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03953th04","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129030"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Humphrey Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["SHI Labs &#x0040; Georgia Tech &amp; UIUC &amp; Picsart AI Research (PAIR), USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SHI Labs &#x0040; Georgia Tech &amp; UIUC &amp; Picsart AI Research (PAIR), USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129030"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027171279","display_name":"Nicu Sebe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6597-7248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicu Sebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113686107"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1698688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"11","first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.9222000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8107326030731201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6745489835739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6110279560089111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5398241281509399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4977419674396515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.49189186096191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.4775479733943939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47702690958976746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4576624035835266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4552418887615204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.4549718201160431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4487907290458679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4320240914821625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topic-model","display_name":"Topic model","score":0.41654467582702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.08468881249427795}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8107326030731201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6745489835739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6110279560089111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5398241281509399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4977419674396515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.49189186096191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.4775479733943939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47702690958976746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4576624035835266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4552418887615204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.4549718201160431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4487907290458679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4320240914821625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171686336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532085","display_name":"Topic model","level":2,"score":0.41654467582702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.08468881249427795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3592901","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3592901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40711896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40711896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/465258","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11572/465258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401913","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:17687998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2025.3592901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 47(11), 9863-9875, (2025-11-23)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:17687998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2025.3592901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 47(11), 9863-9875, (2025-11-23)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365211920","https://openalex.org/W3014948380","https://openalex.org/W4391584540","https://openalex.org/W4380551139","https://openalex.org/W4317695495","https://openalex.org/W4395044357","https://openalex.org/W4287117424","https://openalex.org/W4387506531","https://openalex.org/W2087346071","https://openalex.org/W2967848559"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"progress":[1],"in":[2,44,71],"Text-to-Image":[3],"(T2I)":[4],"generative":[5,107],"models":[6,18],"has":[7],"enabled":[8],"high-quality":[9],"image":[10],"generation.":[11],"As":[12],"performance":[13],"and":[14,23,28,37,68,133,137,156,163,165,174,186],"accessibility":[15],"increase,":[16],"these":[17,100],"are":[19,102],"gaining":[20],"significant":[21],"attraction":[22],"popularity:":[24],"ensuring":[25],"their":[26],"fairness":[27],"safety":[29],"is":[30,120],"a":[31,62,79,85,95,111],"priority":[32],"to":[33,65,90,160],"prevent":[34],"the":[35,105,143],"dissemination":[36],"perpetuation":[38],"of":[39,51,97,113,129,145],"biases.":[40,150],"However,":[41],"existing":[42,169],"studies":[43],"bias":[45,123,171],"detection":[46,172],"focus":[47],"on":[48,149],"closed":[49],"sets":[50],"predefined":[52,80],"biases":[53,70,92,158,185],"(e.g.,":[54],"gender,":[55],"ethnicity).":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58,130],"paper,":[59],"we":[60],"propose":[61,91],"general":[63],"framework":[64],"identify,":[66],"quantify,":[67],"explain":[69],"an":[72],"open":[73],"set":[74,96,112],"setting,":[75],"i.e.":[76],"without":[77],"requiring":[78],"set.":[81],"This":[82],"pipeline":[83],"leverages":[84],"Large":[86],"Language":[87],"Model":[88],"(LLM)":[89],"starting":[93],"from":[94],"captions.":[98],"Next,":[99],"captions":[101],"used":[103],"by":[104],"target":[106],"model":[108],"for":[109,122],"generating":[110],"images.":[114],"Finally,":[115],"Vision":[116],"Question":[117],"Answering":[118],"(VQA)":[119],"leveraged":[121],"evaluation.":[124],"We":[125],"show":[126],"two":[127],"variations":[128],"framework:":[131],"OpenBias":[132,135,151],"GradBias.":[134],"detects":[136,153],"quantifies":[138],"biases,":[139],"while":[140],"GradBias":[141,177],"determines":[142],"contribution":[144],"individual":[146],"prompt":[147],"words":[148,181],"effectively":[152],"both":[154],"well-known":[155],"novel":[157],"related":[159],"people,":[161],"objects,":[162],"animals":[164],"highly":[166],"aligns":[167],"with":[168],"closed-set":[170],"methods":[173],"human":[175],"judgment.":[176],"shows":[178],"that":[179],"neutral":[180],"can":[182],"significantly":[183],"influence":[184],"it":[187],"outperforms":[188],"several":[189],"baselines,":[190],"including":[191],"state-of-the-art":[192],"foundation":[193],"models.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
