{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406858183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3534435","title":"Predicting and Enhancing the Fairness of DNNs With the Curvature of Perceptual Manifolds","display_name":"Predicting and Enhancing the Fairness of DNNs With the Curvature of Perceptual Manifolds","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406858183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3534435","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40031360"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3534435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3534435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020661081","display_name":"Yanbiao Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8472-1475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanbiao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8472-1475","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050630882","display_name":"Licheng Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3354-9617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licheng Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3354-9617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453075","display_name":"Fang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5669-9354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5669-9354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Maoji Wen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maoji Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443350","display_name":"Lingling Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6130-2518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingling Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6130-2518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065027008","display_name":"Wenping Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8872-2195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenping Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8872-2195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100764373","display_name":"Shuyuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-5737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuyuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-5737","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331710","display_name":"Xu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8780-5455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8780-5455","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039562483","display_name":"Puhua Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5472-1426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Puhua Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5472-1426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of the Ministry of Education of China, International Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7852,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96688386,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"5","first_page":"3394","last_page":"3411"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.31029999256134033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.31029999256134033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.29280000925064087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.28999999165534973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curvature","display_name":"Curvature","score":0.653499960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.6298770904541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5854803323745728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5536683797836304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3545020520687103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3407917022705078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2804964780807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.26805153489112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.15230342745780945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.653499960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6298770904541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5854803323745728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5536683797836304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3545020520687103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3407917022705078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2804964780807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.26805153489112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.15230342745780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2025.3534435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3534435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40031360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40031360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1741041753","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2054","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G360022451","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3960429886","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276199","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4038581705","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HMHAI-202404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F1015963508","funder_display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7665046220","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HMHAI-202405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F1015963508","funder_display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8929578879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62076192","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F1015963508","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2023639956","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2119191234","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2440599146","https://openalex.org/W2469085137","https://openalex.org/W2469885745","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2775447965","https://openalex.org/W2796157539","https://openalex.org/W2797977484","https://openalex.org/W2798381792","https://openalex.org/W2962895364","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963691377","https://openalex.org/W2992308087","https://openalex.org/W3000384001","https://openalex.org/W3004639598","https://openalex.org/W3034369739","https://openalex.org/W3034601242","https://openalex.org/W3034711780","https://openalex.org/W3034933032","https://openalex.org/W3035014997","https://openalex.org/W3035342001","https://openalex.org/W3035552357","https://openalex.org/W3080359291","https://openalex.org/W3096121526","https://openalex.org/W3096688134","https://openalex.org/W3097255365","https://openalex.org/W3108105109","https://openalex.org/W3158299003","https://openalex.org/W3166596953","https://openalex.org/W3176474016","https://openalex.org/W3177200443","https://openalex.org/W3177230409","https://openalex.org/W3179096061","https://openalex.org/W3202087803","https://openalex.org/W3202223295","https://openalex.org/W3203770998","https://openalex.org/W3215720729","https://openalex.org/W4205910419","https://openalex.org/W4214519401","https://openalex.org/W4214576162","https://openalex.org/W4214693531","https://openalex.org/W4214718285","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4292241799","https://openalex.org/W4307823382","https://openalex.org/W4312281439","https://openalex.org/W4312986563","https://openalex.org/W4366352743","https://openalex.org/W4385695913","https://openalex.org/W4391537734","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6764733053","https://openalex.org/W6768920361","https://openalex.org/W6772178927","https://openalex.org/W6779304510","https://openalex.org/W6780957418","https://openalex.org/W6783399553","https://openalex.org/W6784097300","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6790859549","https://openalex.org/W6797664925","https://openalex.org/W6799536747","https://openalex.org/W6802648856","https://openalex.org/W6803641788","https://openalex.org/W6848074689"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"address":[1],"the":[2,52,94,97,110,121,124,128,139,143,176,180,187,206,223],"challenges":[3],"of":[4,17,54,80,96,100,113,131,189,229],"long-tailed":[5,218],"classification,":[6],"researchers":[7,256],"have":[8,31],"proposed":[9],"several":[10],"approaches":[11],"to":[12,40,152,204,208,257,260],"reduce":[13],"model":[14,43,59,72,153,207,252,261],"bias,":[15],"most":[16],"which":[18],"assume":[19],"that":[20,33,57,120,148],"classes":[21,35],"with":[22,142],"few":[23],"samples":[24],"are":[25,36],"weak":[26],"classes.":[27],"However,":[28],"recent":[29],"studies":[30],"shown":[32],"tail":[34],"not":[37],"always":[38],"hard":[39],"learn,":[41],"and":[42,74,106,127,163,183,211,219,226,254,265],"bias":[44,253,262],"has":[45],"been":[46],"observed":[47],"on":[48,103,216,239,251,263],"sample-balanced":[49,267],"datasets,":[50,164],"suggesting":[51],"existence":[53],"other":[55],"factors":[56],"affect":[58],"bias.":[60,154],"In":[61],"this":[62,158],"work,":[63],"we":[64,91,200],"first":[65],"establish":[66],"a":[67,78,166,247],"geometric":[68,81,98,111,248],"perspective":[69,250],"for":[70,83,170],"analyzing":[71],"fairness":[73],"then":[75],"systematically":[76],"propose":[77,201],"series":[79],"measurements":[82],"perceptual":[84,101,114,132,213],"manifolds":[85,102,133],"in":[86,192,233],"deep":[87],"neural":[88],"networks.":[89],"Subsequently,":[90],"comprehensively":[92],"explore":[93],"effect":[95],"characteristics":[99,112],"classification":[104],"difficulty":[105],"how":[107],"learning":[108],"shapes":[109],"manifolds.":[115,214],"An":[116],"unanticipated":[117],"finding":[118,159],"is":[119],"correlation":[122,141],"between":[123,179],"class":[125],"accuracy":[126],"separation":[129],"degree":[130],"gradually":[134,145],"decreases":[135],"during":[136],"training,":[137],"while":[138],"negative":[140],"curvature":[144,149,184,190,202],"increases,":[146],"implying":[147],"imbalance":[150],"leads":[151],"We":[155,173],"thoroughly":[156],"validate":[157],"across":[160],"multiple":[161,217],"networks":[162],"providing":[165],"solid":[167],"experimental":[168],"foundation":[169],"future":[171],"research.":[172],"also":[174],"investigate":[175],"convergence":[177],"consistency":[178],"loss":[181],"function":[182],"imbalance,":[185],"demonstrating":[186],"lack":[188],"constraints":[191],"existing":[193],"optimization":[194],"objectives.":[195],"Building":[196],"upon":[197],"these":[198],"observations,":[199],"regularization":[203],"facilitate":[205],"learn":[209],"curvature-balanced":[210],"flatter":[212],"Evaluations":[215],"non-long-tailed":[220,264],"datasets":[221],"show":[222],"excellent":[224],"performance":[225,236],"exciting":[227],"generality":[228],"our":[230],"approach,":[231],"especially":[232],"achieving":[234],"significant":[235],"improvements":[237],"based":[238],"current":[240],"state-of-the-art":[241],"techniques.":[242],"Our":[243],"work":[244],"opens":[245],"up":[246],"analysis":[249],"reminds":[255],"pay":[258],"attention":[259],"even":[266],"datasets.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
