{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401248648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2024.3436860","title":"Essential Number of Principal Components and Nearly Training-Free Model for Spectral Analysis","display_name":"Essential Number of Principal Components and Nearly Training-Free Model for Spectral Analysis","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401248648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2024.3436860","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39093672"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2024.3436860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2024.3436860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018382852","display_name":"Yifeng Bie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifeng Bie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4186-6874","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101970689","display_name":"Shuai You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8095-8141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai You","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics and Statistics Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics and Statistics Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xinrui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5639-8150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinrui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5639-8150","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090281546","display_name":"Xuekui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4728-2343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuekui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics and Statistics Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4728-2343","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics and Statistics Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009705432","display_name":"Tao L\u0171","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1303-0407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1303-0407","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4036,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54390955,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"12","first_page":"9714","last_page":"9726"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.7321000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.7321000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.8035597801208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6352681517601013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6100896596908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5975090265274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.479549378156662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","score":0.463432639837265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3359526991844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08323591947555542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.8035597801208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6352681517601013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6100896596908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5975090265274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.479549378156662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144559511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.463432639837265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3359526991844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08323591947555542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2024.3436860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2024.3436860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39093672","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39093672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3325978728","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GRANT12500317 (YB and TL)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332186","funder_display_name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6896793991","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"950-231363 (XZ)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","funder_display_name":"Canada Research Chairs"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","display_name":"Canada Research Chairs","ror":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332186","display_name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/04tz64554"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169539560","https://openalex.org/W170820490","https://openalex.org/W1971801955","https://openalex.org/W1985147596","https://openalex.org/W1985797389","https://openalex.org/W1996195892","https://openalex.org/W2001852846","https://openalex.org/W2011081900","https://openalex.org/W2014853457","https://openalex.org/W2021873216","https://openalex.org/W2037416370","https://openalex.org/W2042446963","https://openalex.org/W2043689097","https://openalex.org/W2047646095","https://openalex.org/W2058701264","https://openalex.org/W2069165391","https://openalex.org/W2090739919","https://openalex.org/W2131248453","https://openalex.org/W2137219016","https://openalex.org/W2144148350","https://openalex.org/W2175411411","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2557238105","https://openalex.org/W2582187633","https://openalex.org/W2606665849","https://openalex.org/W2793509150","https://openalex.org/W2899183907","https://openalex.org/W2901414293","https://openalex.org/W2907978107","https://openalex.org/W2951566323","https://openalex.org/W2966361671","https://openalex.org/W2986573554","https://openalex.org/W2990357281","https://openalex.org/W3033623438","https://openalex.org/W3046156391","https://openalex.org/W3093545510","https://openalex.org/W3184998487","https://openalex.org/W4206050372","https://openalex.org/W4233520916","https://openalex.org/W4236362309","https://openalex.org/W4301777145","https://openalex.org/W4302437350","https://openalex.org/W7038994942"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975632186","https://openalex.org/W3027745756","https://openalex.org/W3205213561","https://openalex.org/W2531880140","https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2126145365","https://openalex.org/W2036609560","https://openalex.org/W346861917","https://openalex.org/W3024018414","https://openalex.org/W2373052636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning-enabled":[0],"spectroscopic":[1],"analysis,":[2],"promising":[3],"for":[4,78,195],"automated":[5],"real-time":[6],"analysis":[7],"of":[8,24,96,99,108,182],"chemicals,":[9],"is":[10,49,61,116],"facing":[11],"several":[12],"challenges.":[13],"First,":[14],"a":[15,21,58,157],"typical":[16],"machine":[17],"learning":[18,76],"model":[19,164],"requires":[20,35,73],"large":[22],"number":[23,107],"training":[25,45,159,177],"samples":[26,38,160],"that":[27,94,111,170],"physical":[28],"systems":[29],"can":[30,102,140,165,187],"not":[31,50,172],"provide.":[32],"Second,":[33],"it":[34],"the":[36,44,51,54,106,117,120,124,136,145,148,167,176],"testing":[37],"to":[39,113],"be":[40,103,114,141,188],"in":[41,53,123,134,175],"range":[42],"with":[43],"samples,":[46],"which":[47,135],"often":[48],"case":[52],"real":[55],"world.":[56],"Further,":[57],"spectroscopy":[59],"device":[60],"limited":[62],"by":[63,84],"its":[64],"memory":[65],"size,":[66],"computing":[67],"power,":[68],"and":[69,88,152,155,179],"battery":[70],"capacity.":[71],"That":[72],"highly":[74,131],"efficient":[75],"models":[77,133],"on-site":[79],"analysis.":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82,127],"paper,":[83],"analyzing":[85],"multi-gas":[86],"mixtures":[87],"multi-molecule":[89],"suspensions,":[90],"we":[91,129],"first":[92],"show":[93],"orders":[95],"magnitude":[97],"reduction":[98],"data":[100],"dimension":[101],"achieved":[104],"as":[105,119,190],"principal":[109,138,153],"components":[110,139],"need":[112],"retained":[115],"same":[118],"independent":[121],"constituents":[122],"mixture.":[125],"From":[126],"principle,":[128],"designed":[130],"compact":[132],"essential":[137],"directly":[142],"extracted":[143],"from":[144],"interrelations":[146],"between":[147],"individual":[149],"chemical":[150],"properties":[151],"components;":[154],"only":[156],"few":[158],"are":[161],"required.":[162],"Our":[163],"predict":[166],"constituent":[168],"concentrations":[169],"have":[171],"been":[173],"seen":[174],"dataset":[178],"provide":[180],"estimations":[181],"measurement":[183],"noises.":[184],"This":[185],"approach":[186],"extended":[189],"an":[191],"effectively":[192],"standardized":[193],"method":[194],"principle":[196],"component":[197],"extraction.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
