{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3148710684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2024.3381001","title":"Baking Neural Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesis","display_name":"Baking Neural Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesis","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3148710684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2024.3381001","mag":"3148710684","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38526902"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2024.3381001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2024.3381001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063648051","display_name":"Peter Hedman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-0185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter Hedman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA","Google Research, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061519579","display_name":"Pratul P. Srinivasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8268-3285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pratul P. Srinivasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA","Google Research, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083849742","display_name":"Ben Mildenhall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9796-6121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Mildenhall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA","Google Research, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001964539","display_name":"Christian Reiser","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Reiser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA","Tübingen AI Center, University of Tübingen, and Google Research, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tübingen AI Center, University of Tübingen, and Google Research, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024117395","display_name":"Jonathan T. Barron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1274-7500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan T. Barron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA","Google Research, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047876260","display_name":"Paul Debevec","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7381-2323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I869089601","display_name":"Netflix (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0197qw696","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I869089601"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Debevec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netflix, Los Gatos, CA, USA","Google, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netflix, Los Gatos, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I869089601"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063648051"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1579,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92470292,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"5","first_page":"3310","last_page":"3321"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiance","display_name":"Radiance","score":0.8151099681854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8037031888961792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7405216097831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.7401512861251831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laptop","display_name":"Laptop","score":0.6867872476577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6665279269218445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.5416555404663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5129034519195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voxel","display_name":"Voxel","score":0.4910426139831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4489089250564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07538503408432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.06499066948890686}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23690007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411145","display_name":"Radiance","level":2,"score":0.8151099681854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8037031888961792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7405216097831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.7401512861251831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780008327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3962","display_name":"Laptop","level":2,"score":0.6867872476577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6665279269218445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.5416555404663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5129034519195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54170458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663554","display_name":"Voxel","level":2,"score":0.4910426139831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4489089250564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07538503408432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.06499066948890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2024.3381001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2024.3381001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38526902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38526902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W309515887","https://openalex.org/W1515099178","https://openalex.org/W1834565422","https://openalex.org/W1971719398","https://openalex.org/W2036750154","https://openalex.org/W2063366997","https://openalex.org/W2071906076","https://openalex.org/W2103607478","https://openalex.org/W2107002723","https://openalex.org/W2122572959","https://openalex.org/W2126521141","https://openalex.org/W2128314031","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2135525032","https://openalex.org/W2145178170","https://openalex.org/W2166103081","https://openalex.org/W2167696327","https://openalex.org/W2238402354","https://openalex.org/W2294985758","https://openalex.org/W2758175304","https://openalex.org/W2783879794","https://openalex.org/W2901982540","https://openalex.org/W2942074357","https://openalex.org/W2943445277","https://openalex.org/W2949657144","https://openalex.org/W2955863859","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2963557767","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964288609","https://openalex.org/W2971278627","https://openalex.org/W2998555201","https://openalex.org/W3000472182","https://openalex.org/W3035062946","https://openalex.org/W3048093719","https://openalex.org/W3048402306","https://openalex.org/W3092203888","https://openalex.org/W3100398946","https://openalex.org/W3101267796","https://openalex.org/W3103242287","https://openalex.org/W3107486934","https://openalex.org/W3109585842","https://openalex.org/W3134621679","https://openalex.org/W3136656704","https://openalex.org/W3159981575","https://openalex.org/W3173531806","https://openalex.org/W3174752334","https://openalex.org/W3179022832","https://openalex.org/W3182714435","https://openalex.org/W3183092879","https://openalex.org/W3186630079","https://openalex.org/W3186804687","https://openalex.org/W3195620846","https://openalex.org/W3203806429","https://openalex.org/W3215769467","https://openalex.org/W4214564891","https://openalex.org/W4214661523","https://openalex.org/W4214731463","https://openalex.org/W4221151978","https://openalex.org/W4255908685","https://openalex.org/W4288242633","https://openalex.org/W4385289063","https://openalex.org/W6630837331","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6690026940","https://openalex.org/W6763480078","https://openalex.org/W6780179280","https://openalex.org/W6780879210","https://openalex.org/W6781421651","https://openalex.org/W6781574375"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2896728493","https://openalex.org/W2392142157","https://openalex.org/W2043512367","https://openalex.org/W3153292769","https://openalex.org/W4321518006","https://openalex.org/W2045444909","https://openalex.org/W2331836163","https://openalex.org/W1516398359","https://openalex.org/W1994657804","https://openalex.org/W1901656956"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neural":[0,5,84],"volumetric":[1],"representations":[2],"such":[3],"as":[4,11,77],"Radiance":[6,85],"Fields":[7],"(NeRF)":[8],"have":[9],"emerged":[10],"a":[12,48,53,64,68,78,82,101,108,154],"compelling":[13],"technique":[14],"for":[15,42],"learning":[16],"to":[17,66,124],"represent":[18],"3D":[19],"scenes":[20],"from":[21,33,47],"images":[22,29],"with":[23,113],"the":[24,31],"goal":[25],"of":[26,30,58,103],"rendering":[27,45,91],"photorealistic":[28],"scene":[32,119],"unobserved":[34],"viewpoints.":[35],"However,":[36],"NeRF's":[37,104,122],"computational":[38],"requirements":[39],"are":[40,160],"prohibitive":[41],"real-time":[43,90,146],"applications:":[44],"views":[46],"trained":[49],"NeRF":[50],"requires":[51],"querying":[52],"multilayer":[54],"perceptron":[55],"(MLP)":[56],"hundreds":[57],"times":[59],"per":[60,139,151],"ray.":[61],"We":[62],"present":[63],"method":[65],"train":[67],"NeRF,":[69],"then":[70],"precompute":[71],"and":[72,106,129,141],"store":[73],"(i.e.,":[74],"\"bake\")":[75],"it":[76],"novel":[79],"representation":[80,112,120],"called":[81],"Sparse":[83],"Grid":[86],"(SNeRG)":[87],"that":[88],"enables":[89],"on":[92,153],"commodity":[93],"hardware.":[94],"To":[95],"achieve":[96],"this,":[97],"we":[98],"introduce":[99],"1)":[100],"reformulation":[102],"architecture":[105],"2)":[107],"sparse":[109],"voxel":[110],"grid":[111],"learned":[114],"feature":[115],"vectors.":[116],"The":[117],"resulting":[118],"retains":[121],"ability":[123],"render":[125],"fine":[126],"geometric":[127],"details":[128],"view-dependent":[130],"appearance,":[131],"is":[132],"compact":[133],"(averaging":[134],"less":[135],"than":[136,148],"90":[137],"MB":[138],"scene),":[140],"can":[142],"be":[143],"rendered":[144],"in":[145,162],"(higher":[147],"30":[149],"frames":[150],"second":[152],"laptop":[155],"GPU).":[156],"Actual":[157],"screen":[158],"captures":[159],"shown":[161],"our":[163],"video.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}