{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393058381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2024.3378843","title":"AutoNet-Generated Deep Layer-Wise Convex Networks for ECG Classification","display_name":"AutoNet-Generated Deep Layer-Wise Convex Networks for ECG Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393058381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2024.3378843","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38512733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2024.3378843","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2024.3378843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085852455","display_name":"Yanting Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5784-156X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanting Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053733933","display_name":"Lei L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9139-8955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King's College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King's College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055850985","display_name":"Tingting Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1552-5630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083051797","display_name":"Xinshao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8907-8258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinshao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055138562","display_name":"Lei Clifton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5595-8468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Clifton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100619741","display_name":"Zhengming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6423-105X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042642059","display_name":"Robert Clarke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9802-8241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Clarke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040302008","display_name":"David A. Clifton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9848-8555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125878","display_name":"Suzhou Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ebk0c60","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125878"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David A. Clifton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Suzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125878"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085852455"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0162,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72849448,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"10","first_page":"6542","last_page":"6558"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overdetermined-system","display_name":"Overdetermined system","score":0.7172142267227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7109100222587585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6849178075790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6700782179832458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5550890564918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5531319379806519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5310428738594055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-polygon","display_name":"Regular polygon","score":0.46449828147888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42265892028808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3349539041519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20151841640472412}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81901731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331348","display_name":"Overdetermined system","level":2,"score":0.7172142267227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7109100222587585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6849178075790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6700782179832458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5550890564918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5531319379806519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5310428738594055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112680207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886","display_name":"Regular polygon","level":2,"score":0.46449828147888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42265892028808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3349539041519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20151841640472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2024.3378843","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2024.3378843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38512733","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38512733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:1594a93e-7d87-4057-b0f6-1abab6c972ca","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1594a93e-7d87-4057-b0f6-1abab6c972ca","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symplectic Elements","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2800483660","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MC_UU_00017/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4176827102","display_name":"Healthcare Wearables for Independent Living","funder_award_id":"EP/W031744/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8090104540","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/W031744/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","display_name":"British Heart Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02wdwnk04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W2027197837","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2093711618","https://openalex.org/W2103496339","https://openalex.org/W2105079646","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2604847698","https://openalex.org/W2794550444","https://openalex.org/W2796265726","https://openalex.org/W2810123878","https://openalex.org/W2888456553","https://openalex.org/W2902644322","https://openalex.org/W2963136578","https://openalex.org/W2963518130","https://openalex.org/W2982438846","https://openalex.org/W2998349856","https://openalex.org/W3015226328","https://openalex.org/W3024880312","https://openalex.org/W3042807565","https://openalex.org/W3089588625","https://openalex.org/W3095058588","https://openalex.org/W3099085560","https://openalex.org/W3102100346","https://openalex.org/W3125537303","https://openalex.org/W3164731060","https://openalex.org/W3167017747","https://openalex.org/W3177318507","https://openalex.org/W3186387302","https://openalex.org/W3195084370","https://openalex.org/W3197925245","https://openalex.org/W3198372861","https://openalex.org/W3201661793","https://openalex.org/W3214579422","https://openalex.org/W4205381470","https://openalex.org/W4206756110","https://openalex.org/W4226335621","https://openalex.org/W4291920463","https://openalex.org/W4307428026","https://openalex.org/W4312528635","https://openalex.org/W4317795265","https://openalex.org/W4379537722","https://openalex.org/W4382203144","https://openalex.org/W4383890458","https://openalex.org/W4385064232","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386212336","https://openalex.org/W4389267014","https://openalex.org/W4389764086","https://openalex.org/W4389924870","https://openalex.org/W4391945871","https://openalex.org/W6604828220","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6729972426","https://openalex.org/W6734593296","https://openalex.org/W6745614327","https://openalex.org/W6747683314","https://openalex.org/W6752515464","https://openalex.org/W6756455746","https://openalex.org/W6759891849","https://openalex.org/W6763233178","https://openalex.org/W6771626834","https://openalex.org/W6779797550","https://openalex.org/W6809860847","https://openalex.org/W6810637551","https://openalex.org/W6845625448","https://openalex.org/W6889955440"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382516418","https://openalex.org/W2990591761","https://openalex.org/W4386576538","https://openalex.org/W1981326443","https://openalex.org/W2347376008","https://openalex.org/W2383044727","https://openalex.org/W4287998014","https://openalex.org/W28907793","https://openalex.org/W2996858796","https://openalex.org/W2069522857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,134,171],"design":[1],"of":[2,28,61,75,106,175,187],"neural":[3,30],"networks":[4,31,94,140,154],"typically":[5],"involves":[6],"trial-and-error,":[7],"a":[8,62],"time-consuming":[9],"process":[10],"for":[11,17,96,130,142],"obtaining":[12],"an":[13,72,84],"optimal":[14],"architecture,":[15],"even":[16],"experienced":[18],"researchers.":[19],"Additionally,":[20],"it":[21],"is":[22,54],"widely":[23],"accepted":[24],"that":[25,51],"loss":[26,53],"functions":[27],"deep":[29,188],"are":[32],"generally":[33],"non-convex":[34],"with":[35,56,122,159],"respect":[36,57],"to":[37,40,49,58,70,89,112,138],"the":[38,45,52,59,104,107,152,156,166,176],"parameters":[39,60,163],"be":[41,71],"optimised.":[42],"We":[43,101],"propose":[44],"Layer-wise":[46],"Convex":[47],"Theorem":[48],"ensure":[50],"convex":[55,93],"given":[63,98],"layer,":[64],"achieved":[65],"by":[66],"constraining":[67],"each":[68,143],"layer":[69],"overdetermined":[73],"system":[74],"non-linear":[76],"equations.":[77],"Based":[78],"on":[79,115,125,164],"this":[80],"theorem,":[81],"we":[82],"developed":[83],"end-to-end":[85],"algorithm":[86],"(the":[87],"AutoNet)":[88],"automatically":[90],"generate":[91],"layer-wise":[92],"(LCNs)":[95],"any":[97],"training":[99,186],"set.":[100],"then":[102],"demonstrate":[103],"performance":[105],"AutoNet-generated":[108],"LCNs":[109],"(AutoNet-LCNs)":[110],"compared":[111],"state-of-the-art":[113,157],"models":[114,158,190],"three":[116],"electrocardiogram":[117],"(ECG)":[118],"classification":[119],"benchmark":[120,128,169],"datasets,":[121],"further":[123],"validation":[124],"two":[126],"non-ECG":[127],"datasets":[129],"more":[131],"general":[132],"tasks.":[133],"AutoNet-LCN":[135,177],"was":[136],"able":[137],"find":[139],"customised":[141],"dataset":[144],"without":[145],"manual":[146],"fine-tuning":[147],"under":[148],"2":[149],"GPU-hours,":[150],"and":[151,173,183],"resulting":[153],"outperformed":[155],"fewer":[160],"than":[161],"5%":[162],"all":[165],"above":[167],"five":[168],"datasets.":[170],"efficiency":[172],"robustness":[174],"markedly":[178],"reduce":[179],"model":[180],"discovery":[181],"costs":[182],"enable":[184],"efficient":[185],"learning":[189],"in":[191],"resource-constrained":[192],"settings.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
