{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388052719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3328881","title":"Learning Interpretable Rules for Scalable Data Representation and Classification","display_name":"Learning Interpretable Rules for Scalable Data Representation and Classification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388052719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3328881","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37906484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2023.3328881","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3328881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101755644","display_name":"Zhuo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7566-3755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101541045","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6763-8146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute for AI Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute for AI Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101683584","display_name":"Ning Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5231-1835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100630868","display_name":"Jianyong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7555-170X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101755644"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6095,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9182387,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"2","first_page":"1121","last_page":"1133"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.9173812866210938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7460363507270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.67181396484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6162833571434021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5546402931213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5279727578163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5087569355964661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-rule","display_name":"Fuzzy rule","score":0.4946076571941376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-descent","display_name":"Gradient descent","score":0.463384747505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4212588369846344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discretization","display_name":"Discretization","score":0.41704100370407104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.37852954864501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-set","display_name":"Fuzzy set","score":0.32525932788848877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.19411450624465942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12081217765808105}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9173812866210938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7460363507270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.67181396484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6162833571434021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5546402931213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5279727578163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5087569355964661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5511139","display_name":"Fuzzy rule","level":4,"score":0.4946076571941376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.463384747505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4212588369846344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73000952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007827","display_name":"Discretization","level":2,"score":0.41704100370407104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.37852954864501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.32525932788848877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.19411450624465942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12081217765808105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2023.3328881","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3328881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37906484","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37906484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.75,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1314841804","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92270119","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4344420831","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2022QF114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5088477901","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272264","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7700309615","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072182","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1560724230","https://openalex.org/W1670263352","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W2102675003","https://openalex.org/W2105672886","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2118022153","https://openalex.org/W2122328291","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2367397349","https://openalex.org/W2467814573","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2547875792","https://openalex.org/W2594475271","https://openalex.org/W2606882704","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2762409054","https://openalex.org/W2808986925","https://openalex.org/W2892684141","https://openalex.org/W2935129849","https://openalex.org/W2962790223","https://openalex.org/W2962824341","https://openalex.org/W2997546679","https://openalex.org/W2997668353","https://openalex.org/W3008515144","https://openalex.org/W3022078606","https://openalex.org/W3120740533","https://openalex.org/W3124792046","https://openalex.org/W3131970035","https://openalex.org/W3160872503","https://openalex.org/W3170720134","https://openalex.org/W4205206828","https://openalex.org/W4285506593","https://openalex.org/W4290875596","https://openalex.org/W4297259967","https://openalex.org/W4297821991","https://openalex.org/W4297957988","https://openalex.org/W4380687242","https://openalex.org/W4385569973","https://openalex.org/W4400762160","https://openalex.org/W4402843978","https://openalex.org/W6605479355","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6638523607","https://openalex.org/W6639703010","https://openalex.org/W6686366921","https://openalex.org/W6693397755","https://openalex.org/W6696322540","https://openalex.org/W6720589678","https://openalex.org/W6729448088","https://openalex.org/W6734862562","https://openalex.org/W6736261838","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6744393810","https://openalex.org/W6745609711","https://openalex.org/W6745861399","https://openalex.org/W6752497734","https://openalex.org/W6754992056","https://openalex.org/W6760778069","https://openalex.org/W6762840784","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6767024460","https://openalex.org/W6779842540","https://openalex.org/W6790520137","https://openalex.org/W6790587931","https://openalex.org/W6796927292","https://openalex.org/W6797867632","https://openalex.org/W6810051558","https://openalex.org/W6948174303"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W2050337454","https://openalex.org/W2595285209","https://openalex.org/W2083536291"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rule-based":[0,72],"models,":[1],"e.g.,":[2],"decision":[3],"trees,":[4],"are":[5,26,47],"widely":[6],"used":[7,49],"in":[8],"scenarios":[9],"demanding":[10],"high":[11],"model":[12,21,57,115,175],"interpretability":[13],"for":[14,82,177],"their":[15,37],"transparent":[16],"inner":[17],"structures":[18],"and":[19,40,44,64,85,100,135,149,162,174],"good":[20,62],"expressivity.":[22],"However,":[23],"rule-based":[24],"models":[25],"hard":[27],"to":[28,36,50,96,129,138,167],"optimize,":[29],"especially":[30],"on":[31,146],"large":[32,151],"data":[33,83,152],"sets,":[34],"due":[35],"discrete":[38,114],"parameters":[39],"structures.":[41],"Ensemble":[42],"methods":[43],"fuzzy/soft":[45],"rules":[46,81],"commonly":[48],"improve":[51],"performance,":[52],"but":[53],"they":[54],"sacrifice":[55],"the":[56,89,113,131,140,158],"interpretability.":[58],"To":[59,87],"obtain":[60,168],"both":[61],"scalability":[63,132],"interpretability,":[65],"we":[66,93],"propose":[67,101],"a":[68,97,102,169],"new":[69],"classifier,":[70],"named":[71],"Representation":[73],"Learner":[74],"(RRL),":[75],"that":[76,109,155],"automatically":[77],"learns":[78],"interpretable":[79,160],"non-fuzzy":[80],"representation":[84],"classification.":[86],"train":[88],"non-differentiable":[90],"RRL":[91,134,156],"effectively,":[92],"project":[94],"it":[95,137],"continuous":[98,141],"space":[99],"novel":[103,120],"training":[104],"method,":[105],"called":[106],"Gradient":[107],"Grafting,":[108],"can":[110,163],"directly":[111],"optimize":[112],"using":[116],"gradient":[117],"descent.":[118],"A":[119],"design":[121],"of":[122,133],"logical":[123],"activation":[124],"functions":[125],"is":[126],"also":[127],"devised":[128],"increase":[130],"enable":[136],"discretize":[139],"features":[142],"end-to-end.":[143],"Exhaustive":[144],"experiments":[145],"ten":[147],"small":[148],"four":[150],"sets":[153],"show":[154],"outperforms":[157],"competitive":[159],"approaches":[161],"be":[164],"easily":[165],"adjusted":[166],"trade-off":[170],"between":[171],"classification":[172],"accuracy":[173],"complexity":[176],"different":[178],"scenarios.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}