{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225986231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3309621","title":"Background-Aware Classification Activation Map for Weakly Supervised Object Localization","display_name":"Background-Aware Classification Activation Map for Weakly Supervised Object Localization","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225986231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3309621","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37643092"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2023.3309621","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3309621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lei Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0506-4268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018523545","display_name":"Qi She","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4490-2941"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi She","raw_affiliation_strings":["ByteDance AI Lab, ByteDance, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ByteDance AI Lab, ByteDance, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4475-6582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062821495","display_name":"Xiangxi Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6590-011X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093964","display_name":"Peking University Cancer Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00nyxxr91","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093964"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangxi Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital &amp; Institute, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital &amp; Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I4210093964"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060475920","display_name":"Mufeng Geng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8995-6994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mufeng Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091146998","display_name":"Lujia Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lujia Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068027111","display_name":"Yibao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3658-0687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093964","display_name":"Peking University Cancer Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00nyxxr91","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093964"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital &amp; Institute, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital &amp; Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I4210093964"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018389659","display_name":"Qiushi Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3301-9085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiushi Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082320568","display_name":"Yanye Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3063-8051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanye Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00148778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"12","first_page":"14175","last_page":"14191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8012844324111938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.684434175491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6788011789321899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6426291465759277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.6246958374977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5504943132400513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5425382852554321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.538032591342926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.49647241830825806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4818785786628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.46118810772895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.425764262676239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-neuroscience-of-visual-object-recognition","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","score":0.4240029454231262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-based","display_name":"Object based","score":0.41474074125289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.32380449771881104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.2247733473777771}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8012844324111938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.684434175491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6788011789321899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6426291465759277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6246958374977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5504943132400513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5425382852554321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.538032591342926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.49647241830825806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4818785786628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.46118810772895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.425764262676239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.4240029454231262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019973339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899523","display_name":"Object based","level":3,"score":0.41474074125289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.32380449771881104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2247733473777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2023.3309621","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3309621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37643092","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37643092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1202103524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"82371112","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1981558879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Z210008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2144794286","https://openalex.org/W2161236525","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2740962769","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2798715809","https://openalex.org/W2883554151","https://openalex.org/W2950557962","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962967409","https://openalex.org/W2963045696","https://openalex.org/W2963091558","https://openalex.org/W2963706010","https://openalex.org/W2964028976","https://openalex.org/W2964274719","https://openalex.org/W2990371274","https://openalex.org/W2992308087","https://openalex.org/W3024127982","https://openalex.org/W3032908737","https://openalex.org/W3034315787","https://openalex.org/W3034333089","https://openalex.org/W3034930876","https://openalex.org/W3035318183","https://openalex.org/W3035712793","https://openalex.org/W3092932168","https://openalex.org/W3102659010","https://openalex.org/W3103376464","https://openalex.org/W3107169861","https://openalex.org/W3108052345","https://openalex.org/W3110272085","https://openalex.org/W3120288328","https://openalex.org/W3120765358","https://openalex.org/W3142837074","https://openalex.org/W3152635971","https://openalex.org/W3166286626","https://openalex.org/W3168547821","https://openalex.org/W3170128766","https://openalex.org/W3173698268","https://openalex.org/W3176171254","https://openalex.org/W3176774696","https://openalex.org/W3203048543","https://openalex.org/W3203593070","https://openalex.org/W3204484221","https://openalex.org/W3205278226","https://openalex.org/W3207782762","https://openalex.org/W4200631217","https://openalex.org/W4214669216","https://openalex.org/W4221167635","https://openalex.org/W4312315124","https://openalex.org/W4312441698","https://openalex.org/W4313019229","https://openalex.org/W4319336401","https://openalex.org/W4386065526","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638319203","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6767465851","https://openalex.org/W6779430525","https://openalex.org/W6779989637","https://openalex.org/W6786030337","https://openalex.org/W6788135285"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2380338","https://openalex.org/W9402503","https://openalex.org/W2758677","https://openalex.org/W3092890","https://openalex.org/W5967559","https://openalex.org/W10833157","https://openalex.org/W15123885","https://openalex.org/W15244599","https://openalex.org/W2803426","https://openalex.org/W9190101"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Weakly":[0],"supervised":[1],"object":[2,12,32,40,85,112,120],"localization":[3,13,121,143],"(WSOL)":[4],"relaxes":[5],"the":[6,20,31,44,69,100,111,116,141,147,150],"requirement":[7],"of":[8,46,149,157],"dense":[9],"annotations":[10],"for":[11,79,88,110],"by":[14],"using":[15],"image-level":[16,86,96,132],"annotation":[17,133],"to":[18,34,75,98,114,134],"supervise":[19],"learning":[21],"process.":[22],"However,":[23],"most":[24],"WSOL":[25,80,158],"methods":[26],"only":[27],"focus":[28],"on":[29,39,59,119,153],"forcing":[30],"classifier":[33,113,130],"produce":[35,135],"high":[36],"activation":[37,72],"score":[38,56],"parts":[41],"without":[42],"considering":[43],"influence":[45],"background":[47,51,55,77,95,108,117,129,137],"locations,":[48],"causing":[49],"excessive":[50],"activations":[52,118],"and":[53,164],"ill-pose":[54],"searching.":[57],"Based":[58],"this":[60],"point,":[61],"our":[62,90,124],"work":[63],"proposes":[64],"a":[65,128],"novel":[66],"mechanism":[67],"called":[68],"background-aware":[70],"classification":[71],"map":[73],"(B-CAM)":[74],"add":[76],"awareness":[78],"training.":[81],"Besides":[82],"aggregating":[83],"an":[84,93],"feature":[87,97,105],"supervision,":[89],"B-CAM":[91,125,152],"produces":[92],"additional":[94,104],"represent":[99],"pure-background":[101],"sample.":[102],"This":[103],"can":[106],"provide":[107],"cues":[109],"suppress":[115],"maps.":[122],"Moreover,":[123],"also":[126],"trained":[127],"with":[131],"adaptive":[136],"scores":[138],"when":[139],"determining":[140],"binary":[142],"mask.":[144],"Experiments":[145],"indicate":[146],"effectiveness":[148],"proposed":[151],"four":[154],"different":[155],"types":[156],"benchmarks,":[159],"including":[160],"CUB-200,":[161],"ILSVRC,":[162],"OpenImages,":[163],"VOC2012":[165],"datasets.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2022-05-05T00:00:00"}
