{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385300751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3299263","title":"STAR-FC: Structure-Aware Face Clustering on Ultra-Large-Scale Graphs","display_name":"STAR-FC: Structure-Aware Face Clustering on Ultra-Large-Scale Graphs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385300751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3299263","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37498756"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2023.3299263","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3299263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102547829","display_name":"Shuai Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3003-9881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082419115","display_name":"Wanhua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2730-0543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanhua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101705530","display_name":"Zheng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4435-1692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100620306","display_name":"Jie Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7701-234X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100460385","display_name":"Jiwen Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6121-5529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiwen Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102547829"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6018,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68884036,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"11","first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6562055349349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6411279439926147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6103924512863159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5550129413604736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5422012805938721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4685457944869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4242570698261261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3350854218006134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12487170100212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.08869081735610962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6562055349349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6411279439926147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6103924512863159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5550129413604736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5422012805938721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4685457944869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4242570698261261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3350854218006134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12487170100212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.08869081735610962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2023.3299263","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3299263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37498756","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37498756","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1921523184","https://openalex.org/W2002016471","https://openalex.org/W2072240081","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2120636855","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2125742596","https://openalex.org/W2145033823","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2155162820","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2341251094","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2600975432","https://openalex.org/W2604314403","https://openalex.org/W2626495487","https://openalex.org/W2790814121","https://openalex.org/W2799118171","https://openalex.org/W2871667416","https://openalex.org/W2889960480","https://openalex.org/W2930556772","https://openalex.org/W2945827377","https://openalex.org/W2955488837","https://openalex.org/W2962898354","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963466847","https://openalex.org/W2963671154","https://openalex.org/W2963695795","https://openalex.org/W2963839617","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2965744772","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2998702515","https://openalex.org/W3034576826","https://openalex.org/W3034747430","https://openalex.org/W3034773849","https://openalex.org/W3034882062","https://openalex.org/W3035028247","https://openalex.org/W3035669277","https://openalex.org/W3093411241","https://openalex.org/W3099744893","https://openalex.org/W3101553402","https://openalex.org/W3107175936","https://openalex.org/W3108496296","https://openalex.org/W3109225549","https://openalex.org/W3109970849","https://openalex.org/W3159280478","https://openalex.org/W3164772195","https://openalex.org/W3167584510","https://openalex.org/W3169737649","https://openalex.org/W3193773166","https://openalex.org/W3203511368","https://openalex.org/W3208325726","https://openalex.org/W4214771444","https://openalex.org/W4221138791","https://openalex.org/W4294558607","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4312294315","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637131181","https://openalex.org/W6637242042","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6640185926","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6738964360","https://openalex.org/W6748799445","https://openalex.org/W6748848838","https://openalex.org/W6810141959"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804364458","https://openalex.org/W4298130764","https://openalex.org/W2132641928","https://openalex.org/W2090259340","https://openalex.org/W4310225030","https://openalex.org/W2083665254","https://openalex.org/W2347824352","https://openalex.org/W2098693229","https://openalex.org/W2112875849","https://openalex.org/W2384651879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0,88],"clustering":[1,18,145],"is":[2,24,128,160,176],"a":[3,95,122,173,233,242],"promising":[4],"method":[5],"for":[6,55,131,179,245],"annotating":[7],"unlabeled":[8],"face":[9,17,247],"images.":[10],"Recent":[11],"supervised":[12],"approaches":[13,66],"have":[14],"boosted":[15],"the":[16,44,59,76,86,102,111,134,140,155,163,168,199,209,238],"accuracy":[19],"greatly,":[20],"however":[21],"their":[22],"performance":[23],"still":[25],"far":[26,197],"from":[27,43,115],"satisfactory.":[28],"These":[29],"methods":[30,41],"can":[31,109],"be":[32],"roughly":[33],"divided":[34],"into":[35],"global-based":[36],"and":[37,81,151,221,235],"local-based":[38,51],"ones.":[39],"Global-based":[40],"suffer":[42],"limitation":[45],"of":[46,61,78,104,157],"training":[47,80,106,112,126],"data":[48,113],"scale,":[49],"while":[50,201],"ones":[52],"are":[53,208],"inefficient":[54],"inference":[56,204,224],"due":[57],"to":[58,68,100,117,166,211],"use":[60],"numerous":[62],"overlapped":[63],"subgraphs.":[64],"Previous":[65],"fail":[67],"tackle":[69],"these":[70],"two":[71,147],"challenges":[72],"simultaneously.":[73],"To":[74],"address":[75],"dilemma":[77],"large-scale":[79,105,246],"efficient":[82,143],"inference,":[83,139],"we":[84,93,207],"propose":[85],"STructure-AwaRe":[87],"Clustering":[89],"(STAR-FC)":[90],"method.":[91],"Specifically,":[92],"design":[94],"structure-preserving":[96],"subgraph":[97],"sampling":[98],"strategy":[99],"explore":[101],"power":[103],"data,":[107],"which":[108,196],"increase":[110],"scale":[114],"10<sup>5</sup>":[116],"10<sup>7</sup>.":[118],"On":[119],"this":[120],"basis,":[121],"novel":[123],"hierarchical":[124],"GCN":[125],"paradigm":[127],"further":[129,177],"proposed":[130,178,239],"better":[132],"capturing":[133],"dynamic":[135],"local":[136,169],"structure.":[137],"During":[138],"STAR-FC":[141,184,240],"performs":[142],"full-graph":[144],"with":[146,217],"steps:":[148],"graph":[149,152,216],"parsing":[150],"refinement.":[153],"And":[154],"concept":[156],"node":[158],"intimacy":[159],"introduced":[161],"in":[162],"second":[164],"step":[165],"mine":[167],"structural":[170],"information,":[171],"where":[172],"calibration":[174],"module":[175],"fairer":[180],"edge":[181],"scores.":[182],"The":[183],"gets":[185],"93.21":[186],"pairwise":[187],"F-score":[188],"on":[189,213,226],"standard":[190],"partial":[191],"MS1M":[192],"within":[193],"312":[194],"seconds,":[195],"surpasses":[198],"state-of-the-arts":[200],"maintaining":[202],"high":[203],"efficiency.":[205],"Furthermore,":[206],"first":[210],"train":[212],"an":[214],"ultra-large-scale":[215],"20":[218],"M":[219,228],"nodes,":[220],"achieve":[222],"superior":[223],"results":[225],"12":[227],"testing":[229],"data.":[230],"Overall,":[231],"as":[232],"simple":[234],"effective":[236],"method,":[237],"provides":[241],"strong":[243],"baseline":[244],"clustering.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}