{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3203615845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3249225","title":"PDC-Net+: Enhanced Probabilistic Dense Correspondence Network","display_name":"PDC-Net+: Enhanced Probabilistic Dense Correspondence Network","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3203615845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3249225","mag":"3203615845","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37027599"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2023.3249225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3249225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029046001","display_name":"Prune Truong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-786X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Prune Truong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision Lab of ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Lab of ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068158266","display_name":"Martin Danelljan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6144-9520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Danelljan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision Lab of ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Lab of ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052236177","display_name":"Radu Timofte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1478-0402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974101","display_name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbnyb24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radu Timofte","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Würzburg in Germany, Würzburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Würzburg in Germany, Würzburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001254143","display_name":"Luc Van Gool","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3445-5711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE","CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luc Van Gool","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision Lab of ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland","KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Lab of ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029046001"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5456,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98468721,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"8","first_page":"10247","last_page":"10266"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7670828104019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.7664041519165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.75211501121521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.7118823528289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-flow","display_name":"Optical flow","score":0.5424389243125916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.511492133140564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.46993526816368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46819812059402466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4371844232082367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3738780617713928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.33706289529800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16671541333198547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7670828104019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.7664041519165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.75211501121521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.7118823528289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155542232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736111","display_name":"Optical flow","level":3,"score":0.5424389243125916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.511492133140564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.46993526816368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46819812059402466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4371844232082367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3738780617713928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33706289529800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16671541333198547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2023.3249225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3249225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37027599","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37027599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":137,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W349087979","https://openalex.org/W764651262","https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1856175792","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1951289974","https://openalex.org/W2019085623","https://openalex.org/W2035652042","https://openalex.org/W2046166954","https://openalex.org/W2073761981","https://openalex.org/W2085261163","https://openalex.org/W2090518410","https://openalex.org/W2101369419","https://openalex.org/W2105303354","https://openalex.org/W2106505277","https://openalex.org/W2109635530","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2117228865","https://openalex.org/W2126060993","https://openalex.org/W2126942199","https://openalex.org/W2138260779","https://openalex.org/W2147253850","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2155302366","https://openalex.org/W2156163116","https://openalex.org/W2156303437","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2250384498","https://openalex.org/W2259424905","https://openalex.org/W2320444803","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2471962767","https://openalex.org/W2474281075","https://openalex.org/W2507296351","https://openalex.org/W2558027072","https://openalex.org/W2560474170","https://openalex.org/W2594519801","https://openalex.org/W2600383743","https://openalex.org/W2604233003","https://openalex.org/W2607202125","https://openalex.org/W2611605760","https://openalex.org/W2620629206","https://openalex.org/W2740418457","https://openalex.org/W2741885505","https://openalex.org/W2754925132","https://openalex.org/W2885650013","https://openalex.org/W2887922452","https://openalex.org/W2897093986","https://openalex.org/W2899771611","https://openalex.org/W2904340070","https://openalex.org/W2916743882","https://openalex.org/W2922074212","https://openalex.org/W2951054736","https://openalex.org/W2951870616","https://openalex.org/W2952038393","https://openalex.org/W2952825894","https://openalex.org/W2962697512","https://openalex.org/W2963020784","https://openalex.org/W2963059198","https://openalex.org/W2963173190","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963537932","https://openalex.org/W2963674285","https://openalex.org/W2963748588","https://openalex.org/W2963760790","https://openalex.org/W2963782415","https://openalex.org/W2963891416","https://openalex.org/W2963914998","https://openalex.org/W2964059111","https://openalex.org/W2964073646","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964123261","https://openalex.org/W2964156315","https://openalex.org/W2964157791","https://openalex.org/W2964339591","https://openalex.org/W2967043539","https://openalex.org/W2967242391","https://openalex.org/W2967756832","https://openalex.org/W2971080391","https://openalex.org/W2971252756","https://openalex.org/W2979458572","https://openalex.org/W2982121679","https://openalex.org/W2982420602","https://openalex.org/W2982529469","https://openalex.org/W2982892652","https://openalex.org/W2987672160","https://openalex.org/W2990655570","https://openalex.org/W3001017583","https://openalex.org/W3003662786","https://openalex.org/W3007471652","https://openalex.org/W3014479278","https://openalex.org/W3034275286","https://openalex.org/W3034464039","https://openalex.org/W3034896357","https://openalex.org/W3035453691","https://openalex.org/W3035477606","https://openalex.org/W3038018492","https://openalex.org/W3043075211","https://openalex.org/W3043753768","https://openalex.org/W3046504055","https://openalex.org/W3092072742","https://openalex.org/W3092135995","https://openalex.org/W3094761124","https://openalex.org/W3099319035","https://openalex.org/W3100325658","https://openalex.org/W3103187163","https://openalex.org/W3106653913","https://openalex.org/W3106701815","https://openalex.org/W3106982106","https://openalex.org/W3109908659","https://openalex.org/W3115288548","https://openalex.org/W3127325993","https://openalex.org/W3140877963","https://openalex.org/W3166285241","https://openalex.org/W3167674261","https://openalex.org/W3175558068","https://openalex.org/W3182416397","https://openalex.org/W3191920350","https://openalex.org/W3203518786","https://openalex.org/W4247548711","https://openalex.org/W4256379134","https://openalex.org/W4376522650","https://openalex.org/W6611892259","https://openalex.org/W6682864246","https://openalex.org/W6752208963","https://openalex.org/W6754984195","https://openalex.org/W6764177528","https://openalex.org/W6767422147","https://openalex.org/W6768009244","https://openalex.org/W6779835006","https://openalex.org/W6781536066","https://openalex.org/W6781822020","https://openalex.org/W6783308292","https://openalex.org/W6783812321","https://openalex.org/W6790301339","https://openalex.org/W6792665029","https://openalex.org/W6809878561"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006513224","https://openalex.org/W2046456988","https://openalex.org/W2357409937","https://openalex.org/W2978674666","https://openalex.org/W2074430941","https://openalex.org/W2113096305","https://openalex.org/W2580722822","https://openalex.org/W2772305933","https://openalex.org/W1486338765","https://openalex.org/W4387454008"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Establishing":[0],"robust":[1,156],"and":[2,119,142,149,157,177,201],"accurate":[3,98,139],"correspondences":[4,100],"between":[5],"a":[6,11,29,103,109,130],"pair":[7],"of":[8,49,82,96,137,164,186,194],"images":[9],"is":[10,43,75],"long-standing":[12],"computer":[13],"vision":[14],"problem":[15],"with":[16,102],"numerous":[17],"applications.":[18],"While":[19],"classically":[20],"dominated":[21],"by":[22],"sparse":[23],"methods,":[24],"emerging":[25],"dense":[26,40,60,99],"approaches":[27],"offer":[28],"compelling":[30],"alternative":[31],"paradigm":[32],"that":[33,113],"avoids":[34],"the":[35,47,80,83,88,116,126,162,184,192],"keypoint":[36],"detection":[37],"step.":[38],"However,":[39],"flow":[41,117,140,179],"estimation":[42,190],"often":[44],"inaccurate":[45],"in":[46,161],"case":[48],"large":[50],"displacements,":[51],"occlusions,":[52],"or":[53,71],"homogeneous":[54],"regions.":[55],"In":[56,122],"order":[57],"to":[58,62,78],"apply":[59],"methods":[61],"real-world":[63],"applications,":[64],"such":[65],"as":[66,129],"pose":[67,195],"estimation,":[68,196],"image":[69,202],"manipulation,":[70],"3D":[72,197],"reconstruction,":[73,198],"it":[74],"therefore":[76],"crucial":[77],"estimate":[79],"confidence":[81,105,189],"predicted":[84],"matches.":[85],"We":[86,107,181],"propose":[87],"Enhanced":[89],"Probabilistic":[90],"Dense":[91],"Correspondence":[92],"Network,":[93],"PDC-Net+,":[94],"capable":[95],"estimating":[97],"along":[101],"reliable":[104],"map.":[106],"develop":[108,146],"flexible":[110],"probabilistic":[111,188],"approach":[112,168],"jointly":[114],"learns":[115],"prediction":[118,160],"its":[120],"uncertainty.":[121],"particular,":[123],"we":[124,145],"parametrize":[125],"predictive":[127],"distribution":[128],"constrained":[131],"mixture":[132],"model,":[133],"ensuring":[134],"better":[135],"modelling":[136],"both":[138],"predictions":[141],"outliers.":[143],"Moreover,":[144],"an":[147,150],"architecture":[148],"enhanced":[151],"training":[152],"strategy":[153],"tailored":[154],"for":[155,191],"generalizable":[158],"uncertainty":[159],"context":[163],"self-supervised":[165],"training.":[166],"Our":[167],"obtains":[169],"state-of-the-art":[170],"results":[171],"on":[172],"multiple":[173],"challenging":[174],"geometric":[175],"matching":[176],"optical":[178],"datasets.":[180],"further":[182],"validate":[183],"usefulness":[185],"our":[187],"tasks":[193],"image-based":[199],"localization,":[200],"retrieval.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}