{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136016591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3220744","title":"The Shape of Learning Curves: A Review","display_name":"The Shape of Learning Curves: A Review","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136016591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3220744","mag":"3136016591","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36350870"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2022.3220744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3220744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.tudelft.nl/file/File_e6773893-ecff-4f23-ad2a-ad7bc814b1b5","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037781450","display_name":"Tom J. Viering","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7337-8624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tom Viering","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7337-8624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086060106","display_name":"Marco Loog","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1298-8461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Loog","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1298-8461","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037781450"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.9977,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":163,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99525263,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"6","first_page":"7799","last_page":"7819"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12814","display_name":"Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12814","display_name":"Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-curve","display_name":"Learning curve","score":0.8817384839057922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7257423996925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6724045872688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.658997654914856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6537724137306213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.49106311798095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-selection","display_name":"Model selection","score":0.45298442244529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4411596953868866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4394884407520294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2704642415046692}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34585555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368723","display_name":"Learning curve","level":2,"score":0.8817384839057922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7257423996925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6724045872688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.658997654914856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6537724137306213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.49106311798095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93959086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888345","display_name":"Model selection","level":2,"score":0.45298442244529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4411596953868866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4394884407520294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2704642415046692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2022.3220744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3220744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36350870","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36350870","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:f79e0e42-be83-4307-8a9b-a5f4346f0f46","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:f79e0e42-be83-4307-8a9b-a5f4346f0f46","pdf_url":"https://repository.tudelft.nl/file/File_e6773893-ecff-4f23-ad2a-ad7bc814b1b5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"review"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:f79e0e42-be83-4307-8a9b-a5f4346f0f46","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:f79e0e42-be83-4307-8a9b-a5f4346f0f46","pdf_url":"https://repository.tudelft.nl/file/File_e6773893-ecff-4f23-ad2a-ad7bc814b1b5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"review"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136016591.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":272,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1268192","https://openalex.org/W7299809","https://openalex.org/W22116233","https://openalex.org/W26884642","https://openalex.org/W86235050","https://openalex.org/W124267633","https://openalex.org/W157369185","https://openalex.org/W164706946","https://openalex.org/W165520392","https://openalex.org/W183638970","https://openalex.org/W216218048","https://openalex.org/W607505555","https://openalex.org/W658807096","https://openalex.org/W770810907","https://openalex.org/W1479807131","https://openalex.org/W1484462388","https://openalex.org/W1491823749","https://openalex.org/W1494547740","https://openalex.org/W1501793257","https://openalex.org/W1503398984","https://openalex.org/W1505043854","https://openalex.org/W1510385394","https://openalex.org/W1514222820","https://openalex.org/W1514940655","https://openalex.org/W1530452241","https://openalex.org/W1536929369","https://openalex.org/W1537967768","https://openalex.org/W1543996294","https://openalex.org/W1559060276","https://openalex.org/W1564947197","https://openalex.org/W1569727304","https://openalex.org/W1576229127","https://openalex.org/W1580477154","https://openalex.org/W1597150962","https://openalex.org/W1597810135","https://openalex.org/W1650706190","https://openalex.org/W1680797894","https://openalex.org/W1758184841","https://openalex.org/W1948236408","https://openalex.org/W1965761421","https://openalex.org/W1965770722","https://openalex.org/W1966196663","https://openalex.org/W1966571214","https://openalex.org/W1969936327","https://openalex.org/W1970487598","https://openalex.org/W1972643444","https://openalex.org/W1972876357","https://openalex.org/W1983755491","https://openalex.org/W1984793731","https://openalex.org/W1987899235","https://openalex.org/W1990124919","https://openalex.org/W1993146053","https://openalex.org/W1993452522","https://openalex.org/W1994326354","https://openalex.org/W1999772635","https://openalex.org/W2002645541","https://openalex.org/W2009708807","https://openalex.org/W2016257995","https://openalex.org/W2017511190","https://openalex.org/W2020238139","https://openalex.org/W2023254126","https://openalex.org/W2026988331","https://openalex.org/W2030452706","https://openalex.org/W2030466644","https://openalex.org/W2031692264","https://openalex.org/W2035862420","https://openalex.org/W2040117938","https://openalex.org/W2040870580","https://openalex.org/W2041613777","https://openalex.org/W2042574171","https://openalex.org/W2047581872","https://openalex.org/W2051885135","https://openalex.org/W2053590082","https://openalex.org/W2056635176","https://openalex.org/W2057566401","https://openalex.org/W2063107217","https://openalex.org/W2065283057","https://openalex.org/W2065815834","https://openalex.org/W2068476337","https://openalex.org/W2068558570","https://openalex.org/W2072023818","https://openalex.org/W2073792037","https://openalex.org/W2075381171","https://openalex.org/W2077930846","https://openalex.org/W2079782346","https://openalex.org/W2084424440","https://openalex.org/W2084552861","https://openalex.org/W2087698439","https://openalex.org/W2090614046","https://openalex.org/W2092095117","https://openalex.org/W2098057602","https://openalex.org/W2100031962","https://openalex.org/W2100538233","https://openalex.org/W2103148835","https://openalex.org/W2104968725","https://openalex.org/W2108267889","https://openalex.org/W2108384793","https://openalex.org/W2108626634","https://openalex.org/W2111040334","https://openalex.org/W2117010397","https://openalex.org/W2117988920","https://openalex.org/W2118195892","https://openalex.org/W2118649542","https://openalex.org/W2121494034","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2125412267","https://openalex.org/W2125840857","https://openalex.org/W2131742377","https://openalex.org/W2132549764","https://openalex.org/W2132886902","https://openalex.org/W2134429390","https://openalex.org/W2139479120","https://openalex.org/W2139696210","https://openalex.org/W2140535827","https://openalex.org/W2140785063","https://openalex.org/W2142433639","https://openalex.org/W2144642230","https://openalex.org/W2146403040","https://openalex.org/W2150673319","https://openalex.org/W2150872430","https://openalex.org/W2153988646","https://openalex.org/W2156523753","https://openalex.org/W2158451137","https://openalex.org/W2158529569","https://openalex.org/W2161278885","https://openalex.org/W2161890243","https://openalex.org/W2163476003","https://openalex.org/W2163614729","https://openalex.org/W2171671120","https://openalex.org/W2171756206","https://openalex.org/W2234598170","https://openalex.org/W2251908889","https://openalex.org/W2289744622","https://openalex.org/W2296814610","https://openalex.org/W2314664686","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2400138769","https://openalex.org/W2407624838","https://openalex.org/W2487277504","https://openalex.org/W2507487910","https://openalex.org/W2536305815","https://openalex.org/W2605974740","https://openalex.org/W2609580417","https://openalex.org/W2763894180","https://openalex.org/W2766580935","https://openalex.org/W2775461895","https://openalex.org/W2797114046","https://openalex.org/W2799061466","https://openalex.org/W2799148064","https://openalex.org/W2810017561","https://openalex.org/W2895399985","https://openalex.org/W2896549049","https://openalex.org/W2903158431","https://openalex.org/W2903995489","https://openalex.org/W2912633461","https://openalex.org/W2923764619","https://openalex.org/W2943332894","https://openalex.org/W2948727793","https://openalex.org/W2949893072","https://openalex.org/W2958912263","https://openalex.org/W2962745799","https://openalex.org/W2962843773","https://openalex.org/W2962894765","https://openalex.org/W2963518130","https://openalex.org/W2963703197","https://openalex.org/W2965233673","https://openalex.org/W2970728427","https://openalex.org/W2977026452","https://openalex.org/W2979509742","https://openalex.org/W2980113592","https://openalex.org/W2996151541","https://openalex.org/W2996360471","https://openalex.org/W2996603747","https://openalex.org/W3001279689","https://openalex.org/W3007006459","https://openalex.org/W3009460743","https://openalex.org/W3011112921","https://openalex.org/W3020451429","https://openalex.org/W3021058579","https://openalex.org/W3033802587","https://openalex.org/W3046835365","https://openalex.org/W3047479470","https://openalex.org/W3083720136","https://openalex.org/W3088155926","https://openalex.org/W3092286947","https://openalex.org/W3093863023","https://openalex.org/W3099984476","https://openalex.org/W3100156752","https://openalex.org/W3110088573","https://openalex.org/W3113847213","https://openalex.org/W3137895569","https://openalex.org/W3144276250","https://openalex.org/W3168797133","https://openalex.org/W3172942063","https://openalex.org/W3197536862","https://openalex.org/W3214675586","https://openalex.org/W3216207645","https://openalex.org/W4200030970","https://openalex.org/W4206410067","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W4226379115","https://openalex.org/W4226434736","https://openalex.org/W4232545113","https://openalex.org/W4232848122","https://openalex.org/W4236362309","https://openalex.org/W4237527047","https://openalex.org/W4238722143","https://openalex.org/W4243562335","https://openalex.org/W4246635279","https://openalex.org/W4250005779","https://openalex.org/W4253803546","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4287022218","https://openalex.org/W4287586573","https://openalex.org/W4287661027","https://openalex.org/W4287691981","https://openalex.org/W4298186428","https://openalex.org/W4300292200","https://openalex.org/W4308326503","https://openalex.org/W4309565474","https://openalex.org/W4360982077","https://openalex.org/W6600255697","https://openalex.org/W6600876730","https://openalex.org/W6601076624","https://openalex.org/W6605032607","https://openalex.org/W6606418848","https://openalex.org/W6606716746","https://openalex.org/W6607356439","https://openalex.org/W6622040746","https://openalex.org/W6622575868","https://openalex.org/W6630965568","https://openalex.org/W6633301734","https://openalex.org/W6674983499","https://openalex.org/W6675247667","https://openalex.org/W6676684966","https://openalex.org/W6676737069","https://openalex.org/W6678201873","https://openalex.org/W6678833645","https://openalex.org/W6679844677","https://openalex.org/W6680753694","https://openalex.org/W6680878686","https://openalex.org/W6681372996","https://openalex.org/W6683201260","https://openalex.org/W6683609407","https://openalex.org/W6683915439","https://openalex.org/W6684053796","https://openalex.org/W6684287926","https://openalex.org/W6693270258","https://openalex.org/W6696579139","https://openalex.org/W6746932923","https://openalex.org/W6756615331","https://openalex.org/W6757334792","https://openalex.org/W6762252116","https://openalex.org/W6763658786","https://openalex.org/W6765648209","https://openalex.org/W6766756114","https://openalex.org/W6767977755","https://openalex.org/W6771673757","https://openalex.org/W6772383348","https://openalex.org/W6774542976","https://openalex.org/W6774737814","https://openalex.org/W6779695680","https://openalex.org/W6781313289","https://openalex.org/W6781538126","https://openalex.org/W6783941598","https://openalex.org/W6784049241","https://openalex.org/W6786960375","https://openalex.org/W6790077367","https://openalex.org/W6800232864","https://openalex.org/W6810970779","https://openalex.org/W6811262654","https://openalex.org/W6811353513"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140186469","https://openalex.org/W4390421286","https://openalex.org/W4280563792","https://openalex.org/W4318719684","https://openalex.org/W4389724018","https://openalex.org/W4318559728","https://openalex.org/W3183136280","https://openalex.org/W2775233965","https://openalex.org/W3114716045","https://openalex.org/W4360995913"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning":[0],"curves":[1,95,112,135,171],"provide":[2],"insight":[3],"into":[4],"the":[5,13,28,37,49,52,59,78,81,99,110,116,123],"dependence":[6],"of":[7,30,40,51,58,77,83,101,113,133],"a":[8,55,74,102],"learner's":[9],"generalization":[10],"performance":[11,142],"on":[12],"training":[14,32,42,145],"set":[15],"size.":[16],"This":[17,46],"important":[18],"tool":[19],"can":[20,120,179],"be":[21,180],"used":[22],"for":[23],"model":[24,41,178],"selection,":[25],"to":[26,35,131],"predict":[27],"effect":[29],"more":[31,144],"data,":[33],"and":[34,43,62,89,122,160,175],"reduce":[36],"computational":[38],"complexity":[39],"hyperparameter":[44],"tuning.":[45],"review":[47,167],"recounts":[48],"origins":[50],"term,":[53],"provides":[54],"formal":[56],"definition":[57],"learning":[60,84,111,134,141,170],"curve,":[61],"briefly":[63],"covers":[64],"basics":[65],"such":[66],"as":[67],"its":[68],"estimation.":[69],"Our":[70],"main":[71],"contribution":[72],"is":[73],"comprehensive":[75],"overview":[76],"literature":[79],"regarding":[80],"shape":[82,100],"curves.":[85],"We":[86,108,127],"discuss":[87],"empirical":[88,159],"theoretical":[90,161],"evidence":[91],"that":[92,96,136,156,169],"supports":[93],"well-behaved":[94],"often":[97],"have":[98],"power":[103],"law":[104],"or":[105],"an":[106],"exponential.":[107],"consider":[109],"Gaussian":[114],"processes,":[115],"complex":[117],"shapes":[118],"they":[119],"display,":[121],"factors":[124],"influencing":[125],"them.":[126],"draw":[128],"specific":[129],"attention":[130],"examples":[132],"are":[137,172],"ill-behaved,":[138],"showing":[139],"worse":[140],"with":[143],"data.":[146],"To":[147],"wrap":[148],"up,":[149],"we":[150],"point":[151],"out":[152],"various":[153],"open":[154],"problems":[155],"warrant":[157],"deeper":[158],"investigation.":[162],"All":[163],"in":[164],"all,":[165],"our":[166],"underscores":[168],"surprisingly":[173],"diverse":[174],"no":[176],"universal":[177],"identified.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}