{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224947643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3170302","title":"Reinforced Causal Explainer for Graph Neural Networks","display_name":"Reinforced Causal Explainer for Graph Neural Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224947643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3170302","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35471869"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2022.3170302","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3170302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.11028","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389037","display_name":"Xiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6148-6329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CCCD Key Lab of Ministry of Culture and Tourism, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CCCD Key Lab of Ministry of Culture and Tourism, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103075103","display_name":"Yingxin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2909-2696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingxin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CCCD Key Lab of Ministry of Culture and Tourism, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CCCD Key Lab of Ministry of Culture and Tourism, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100601645","display_name":"An Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1367-711X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"An Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051925942","display_name":"Fuli Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-9842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuli Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["CCCD Key Lab of Ministry of Culture and Tourism, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CCCD Key Lab of Ministry of Culture and Tourism, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038668215","display_name":"Xiangnan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8472-7992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangnan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["CCCD Key Lab of Ministry of Culture and Tourism, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CCCD Key Lab of Ministry of Culture and Tourism, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089404640","display_name":"Tat\u2010Seng Chua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-7807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tat-Seng Chua","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100389037"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.3478,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96961994,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"2","first_page":"2297","last_page":"2309"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6675773859024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attribution","display_name":"Attribution","score":0.6439656019210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5957714319229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5843473672866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salient","display_name":"Salient","score":0.5615280866622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5578782558441162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.48612141609191895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4359838366508484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4234452247619629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4205368459224701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3136484622955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21031296253204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.13331502676010132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.08423429727554321}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6675773859024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143299363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584","display_name":"Attribution","level":2,"score":0.6439656019210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5957714319229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5843473672866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.5615280866622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5578782558441162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.48612141609191895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4359838366508484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4234452247619629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4205368459224701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3136484622955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21031296253204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.13331502676010132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.08423429727554321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2022.3170302","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3170302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35471869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35471869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2204.11028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2204.11028","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.11028","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2204.11028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2204.11028","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.11028","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3023535629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U19A2079","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3379573397","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21B2026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492230849","https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W1977340881","https://openalex.org/W2008857988","https://openalex.org/W2056562706","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2111708605","https://openalex.org/W2133091666","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2277195237","https://openalex.org/W2486285194","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2917322567","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2962810718","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2964299886","https://openalex.org/W2979481854","https://openalex.org/W3000120900","https://openalex.org/W3026235644","https://openalex.org/W3033892090","https://openalex.org/W3034371431","https://openalex.org/W3035625410","https://openalex.org/W3098134138","https://openalex.org/W3102937163","https://openalex.org/W3105503635","https://openalex.org/W3108823960","https://openalex.org/W4287829537","https://openalex.org/W4288057803","https://openalex.org/W4299515571","https://openalex.org/W4312974690","https://openalex.org/W6679868779","https://openalex.org/W6683204974","https://openalex.org/W6684109316","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6736518430","https://openalex.org/W6736685754","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6738964360","https://openalex.org/W6745537798","https://openalex.org/W6748218292","https://openalex.org/W6748336101","https://openalex.org/W6751455638","https://openalex.org/W6752051073","https://openalex.org/W6752245542","https://openalex.org/W6754669440","https://openalex.org/W6754929296","https://openalex.org/W6755863455","https://openalex.org/W6758720947","https://openalex.org/W6763140224","https://openalex.org/W6763561447","https://openalex.org/W6767288045","https://openalex.org/W6767608665","https://openalex.org/W6772452955","https://openalex.org/W6774097426","https://openalex.org/W6779009958","https://openalex.org/W6784653527","https://openalex.org/W6785068783","https://openalex.org/W6786048916","https://openalex.org/W6790580958","https://openalex.org/W6791772038","https://openalex.org/W6804104814","https://openalex.org/W6810146391"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W2353836703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Explainability":[0],"is":[1,22,146,212,228],"crucial":[2],"for":[3,186],"probing":[4],"graph":[5,251],"neural":[6],"networks":[7],"(GNNs),":[8],"answering":[9],"questions":[10],"like":[11],"\"Why":[12],"the":[13,28,32,38,58,64,72,84,93,112,134,156,165,176,181,187,190,194,219],"GNN":[14,39],"model":[15,40],"makes":[16],"a":[17,23,124,138,151,172,205,238],"certain":[18],"prediction?\".":[19],"Feature":[20],"attribution":[21,46,69],"prevalent":[24],"technique":[25],"of":[26,60,76,107,167,189,222],"highlighting":[27],"explanatory":[29,113,144],"subgraph":[30,114,145],"in":[31],"input":[33],"graph,":[34],"which":[35],"plausibly":[36],"leads":[37],"to":[41,51,154,207,217,230,242,260],"make":[42,79],"its":[43,161],"prediction.":[44,182],"Various":[45],"methods":[47],"have":[48],"been":[49],"proposed":[50],"exploit":[52],"gradient-like":[53],"or":[54,257],"attention":[55],"scores":[56,70],"as":[57,71,137],"attributions":[59],"edges,":[61,196],"then":[62],"select":[63],"salient":[65,152],"edges":[66,86,96],"with":[67],"top":[68],"explanation.":[73],"However,":[74],"most":[75],"these":[77],"works":[78],"an":[80,143],"untenable":[81],"assumption":[82,109],"-":[83,90,110,142],"selected":[85,158],"are":[87,281],"linearly":[88],"independent":[89],"thus":[91,197],"leaving":[92],"dependencies":[94],"among":[95],"largely":[97],"unexplored,":[98],"especially":[99],"their":[100],"coalition":[101,206],"effect.":[102],"We":[103],"demonstrate":[104],"unambiguous":[105],"drawbacks":[106],"this":[108,120],"making":[111],"unfaithful":[115],"and":[116,170,193,203,233,236,270,275,279],"verbose.":[117],"To":[118],"address":[119],"challenge,":[121],"we":[122],"propose":[123],"reinforcement":[125],"learning":[126],"agent,":[127],"Reinforced":[128],"Causal":[129],"Explainer":[130],"(RC-Explainer).":[131],"It":[132,211],"frames":[133],"explanation":[135],"task":[136],"sequential":[139],"decision":[140],"process":[141],"successively":[147],"constructed":[148],"by":[149],"adding":[150],"edge":[153,168,192,223],"connect":[155],"previously":[157],"subgraph.":[159],"Technically,":[160],"policy":[162,215],"network":[163],"predicts":[164],"action":[166],"addition,":[169],"gets":[171],"reward":[173,184,220],"that":[174],"quantifies":[175],"action's":[177],"causal":[178],"effect":[179],"on":[180,249],"Such":[183],"accounts":[185],"dependency":[188],"newly-added":[191],"previously-added":[195],"reflecting":[198],"whether":[199],"they":[200],"collaborate":[201],"together":[202],"form":[204],"pursue":[208],"better":[209,239,256],"explanations.":[210],"trained":[213],"via":[214],"gradient":[216],"optimize":[218],"stream":[221],"sequences.":[224],"As":[225],"such,":[226],"RC-Explainer":[227,254],"able":[229],"generate":[231],"faithful":[232],"concise":[234],"explanations,":[235],"has":[237],"generalization":[240],"power":[241],"unseen":[243],"graphs.":[244],"When":[245],"explaining":[246],"different":[247],"GNNs":[248],"three":[250],"classification":[252],"datasets,":[253],"achieves":[255],"comparable":[258],"performance":[259],"state-of-the-art":[261],"approaches":[262],"w.r.t.":[263],"two":[264],"quantitative":[265],"metrics:":[266],"predictive":[267],"accuracy,":[268],"contrastivity,":[269],"safely":[271],"passes":[272],"sanity":[273],"checks":[274],"visual":[276],"inspections.":[277],"Codes":[278],"datasets":[280],"available":[282],"at":[283],"https://github.com/xiangwang1223/reinforced_causal_explainer.":[284]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
