{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226280350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3162583","title":"Learning to Extract Building Footprints From Off-Nadir Aerial Images","display_name":"Learning to Extract Building Footprints From Off-Nadir Aerial Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226280350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3162583"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2022.3162583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3162583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057164374","display_name":"Jinwang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6220-4848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128910","display_name":"Group Sense (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/036wd5777","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128910"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinwang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","SenseTime Research, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SenseTime Research, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079105872","display_name":"Lingxuan Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6046-9121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128910","display_name":"Group Sense (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/036wd5777","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128910"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingxuan Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","SenseTime Research, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SenseTime Research, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100613917","display_name":"Weijia Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1838-9176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijia Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China","CUHK-SenseTime joint Lab, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CUHK-SenseTime joint Lab, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069540177","display_name":"Wen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-8768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100736935","display_name":"Lei Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7329-4631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073032922","display_name":"Gui-Song Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7660-6090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gui-Song Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057164374"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210128910"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7843,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97877861,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"1","first_page":"1294","last_page":"1301"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.9045449495315552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/footprint","display_name":"Footprint","score":0.8380654454231262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/roof","display_name":"Roof","score":0.7050696015357971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6969955563545227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photogrammetry","display_name":"Photogrammetry","score":0.6329663395881653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-image","display_name":"Aerial image","score":0.61275714635849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-imagery","display_name":"Aerial imagery","score":0.6115788817405701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.596996545791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nadir","display_name":"Nadir","score":0.556501030921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.49561750888824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4762987196445465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-footprint","display_name":"Memory footprint","score":0.4576739966869354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.42285022139549255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.41988882422447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.20017629861831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1591024100780487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13423556089401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.07609093189239502}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.9045449495315552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.8380654454231262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776748203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83180","display_name":"Roof","level":2,"score":0.7050696015357971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6969955563545227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117455697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190149","display_name":"Photogrammetry","level":2,"score":0.6329663395881653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688011","display_name":"Aerial image","level":3,"score":0.61275714635849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987819851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191839","display_name":"Aerial imagery","level":2,"score":0.6115788817405701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.596996545791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88575799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145825","display_name":"Nadir","level":3,"score":0.556501030921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49561750888824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4762987196445465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74912251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815727","display_name":"Memory footprint","level":2,"score":0.4576739966869354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.42285022139549255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.41988882422447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.20017629861831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1591024100780487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13423556089401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.07609093189239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2022.3162583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3162583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2099902736","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771350","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2969037162","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61922065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3351237436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771351","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W603908379","https://openalex.org/W2065429801","https://openalex.org/W2076131212","https://openalex.org/W2130121782","https://openalex.org/W2134148744","https://openalex.org/W2146162420","https://openalex.org/W2158479016","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2609402060","https://openalex.org/W2755226765","https://openalex.org/W2908320224","https://openalex.org/W2929499422","https://openalex.org/W2940262938","https://openalex.org/W2949763629","https://openalex.org/W2953106684","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963406768","https://openalex.org/W2963849369","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2981662367","https://openalex.org/W2982206001","https://openalex.org/W3009522002","https://openalex.org/W3034616321","https://openalex.org/W3034731157","https://openalex.org/W3035003562","https://openalex.org/W3035288577","https://openalex.org/W3104035745","https://openalex.org/W3116529608","https://openalex.org/W3170019900","https://openalex.org/W3201797941","https://openalex.org/W6618372016","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6749589925","https://openalex.org/W6761630670"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2391767487","https://openalex.org/W3137434606","https://openalex.org/W4283696875","https://openalex.org/W3110585990","https://openalex.org/W2098596049","https://openalex.org/W4372263373","https://openalex.org/W4385767632","https://openalex.org/W2889866244","https://openalex.org/W2898690910","https://openalex.org/W2784132289"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extracting":[0],"building":[1,28,62,77,153],"footprints":[2],"from":[3],"aerial":[4,38,157],"images":[5,39,68,158],"is":[6,42,143],"essential":[7],"for":[8,169],"precise":[9],"urban":[10],"mapping":[11],"with":[12,159],"photogrammetric":[13],"computer":[14],"vision":[15],"technologies.":[16],"Existing":[17],"approaches":[18],"mainly":[19],"assume":[20],"that":[21,178],"the":[22,61,76,92,99,105,124,174,182],"roof":[23,78,101],"and":[24,79,145,165,197],"footprint":[25,63,93],"of":[26,75],"a":[27,44,112,134],"are":[29,200],"well":[30],"overlapped,":[31],"which":[32,59,120],"may":[33],"not":[34],"hold":[35],"in":[36,66,138,147,192],"off-nadir":[37,67],"as":[40],"there":[41],"often":[43],"big":[45],"offset":[46,55,89,107,117,125,167],"between":[47],"them.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50,148],"paper,":[51],"we":[52],"propose":[53,111],"an":[54,70],"vector":[56,126,168],"learning":[57],"scheme,":[58],"turns":[60],"extraction":[64],"problem":[65,74],"into":[69],"instance-level":[71,162],"joint":[72],"prediction":[73,127],"its":[80],"corresponding":[81,166],"\u201c":[82],"<italic":[83],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[84,204],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">roof":[85],"to":[86,104,189],"footprint</i>":[87],"\u201d":[88],"vector.":[90,108],"Thus":[91],"can":[94,121],"be":[95],"estimated":[96],"by":[97,128,187],"translating":[98],"predicted":[100,106],"mask":[102],"according":[103],"We":[109],"further":[110],"simple":[113],"but":[114],"effective":[115],"feature-level":[116],"augmentation":[118],"module,":[119],"significantly":[122],"refine":[123],"introducing":[129],"little":[130],"extra":[131],"cost.":[132],"Moreover,":[133],"new":[135],"dataset,":[136],"Buildings":[137],"Off-Nadir":[139],"Aerial":[140],"Images":[141],"(BONAI),":[142],"created":[144],"released":[146],"paper.":[149],"It":[150],"contains":[151],"268,958":[152],"instances":[154],"across":[155],"3,300":[156],"fully":[160],"annotated":[161],"roof,":[163],"footprint,":[164],"each":[170],"building.":[171],"Experiments":[172],"on":[173],"BONAI":[175],"dataset":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"our":[179],"method":[180],"achieves":[181],"state-of-the-art,":[183],"outperforming":[184],"other":[185],"competitors":[186],"3.37":[188],"7.39":[190],"points":[191],"F1-score.":[193],"The":[194],"codes,":[195],"datasets,":[196],"trained":[198],"models":[199],"available":[201],"at":[202],"<uri":[203],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/jwwangchn/BONAI.git</uri>":[205],".":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}