{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220934237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3159369","title":"Optimization-Based Post-Training Quantization With Bit-Split and Stitching","display_name":"Optimization-Based Post-Training Quantization With Bit-Split and Stitching","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220934237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3159369","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35290185"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2022.3159369","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3159369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079244166","display_name":"Peisong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6384-0280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peisong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6384-0280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082294022","display_name":"Weihan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8745-2445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063863469","display_name":"Xiangyu He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-9289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu He","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100435709","display_name":"Qiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4373-2589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4373-2589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404959","display_name":"Qingshan Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingshan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["B-DAT, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5512-6984","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"B-DAT, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112149353","display_name":"Jian Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1289-2758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1289-2758","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079244166"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.845,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91934837,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"2","first_page":"2119","last_page":"2135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.8705722093582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-stitching","display_name":"Image stitching","score":0.8322261571884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7587727308273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5129758715629578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4806317389011383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.45493799448013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4270319640636444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3929401934146881}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.8705722093582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29081049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364242","display_name":"Image stitching","level":2,"score":0.8322261571884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7587727308273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5129758715629578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4806317389011383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.45493799448013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4270319640636444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3929401934146881}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2022.3159369","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3159369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35290185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35290185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5585474831","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61906193","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1724438581","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1910300841","https://openalex.org/W1999085092","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2125389748","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2233116163","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2525098248","https://openalex.org/W2550403740","https://openalex.org/W2586654419","https://openalex.org/W2604700561","https://openalex.org/W2612864759","https://openalex.org/W2739789140","https://openalex.org/W2785457004","https://openalex.org/W2787884921","https://openalex.org/W2798742790","https://openalex.org/W2809624076","https://openalex.org/W2884150179","https://openalex.org/W2887447938","https://openalex.org/W2896408072","https://openalex.org/W2899818272","https://openalex.org/W2946622818","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963173190","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963367920","https://openalex.org/W2963480671","https://openalex.org/W2963681088","https://openalex.org/W2964133305","https://openalex.org/W2964195914","https://openalex.org/W2970691381","https://openalex.org/W2981751377","https://openalex.org/W2981774126","https://openalex.org/W2982041622","https://openalex.org/W2987729312","https://openalex.org/W2998218113","https://openalex.org/W2998419362","https://openalex.org/W3034940165","https://openalex.org/W3034957837","https://openalex.org/W3035460915","https://openalex.org/W3036743609","https://openalex.org/W3082357788","https://openalex.org/W3095686769","https://openalex.org/W3097297321","https://openalex.org/W3108835732","https://openalex.org/W3175491384","https://openalex.org/W3202442802","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6631660994","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6637551013","https://openalex.org/W6637709462","https://openalex.org/W6638783484","https://openalex.org/W6639703010","https://openalex.org/W6677103964","https://openalex.org/W6677192272","https://openalex.org/W6679667936","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6685405536","https://openalex.org/W6693397755","https://openalex.org/W6696004547","https://openalex.org/W6734062232","https://openalex.org/W6738957339","https://openalex.org/W6744700018","https://openalex.org/W6753069482","https://openalex.org/W6760069825","https://openalex.org/W6763207085","https://openalex.org/W6765643347","https://openalex.org/W6767298317","https://openalex.org/W6770425567","https://openalex.org/W6776767859","https://openalex.org/W6779405248"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W68020613","https://openalex.org/W1973382465","https://openalex.org/W2091466534","https://openalex.org/W4255291540","https://openalex.org/W3134240150","https://openalex.org/W3204400881","https://openalex.org/W3214410901","https://openalex.org/W3204296682","https://openalex.org/W3183118997","https://openalex.org/W2917767146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"have":[3,64],"shown":[4,72],"great":[5],"promise":[6],"in":[7,94],"various":[8,149],"domains.":[9],"Meanwhile,":[10],"problems":[11],"including":[12,141],"the":[13,48,53,83,91,95,102],"storage":[14],"and":[15,38,52,88,118],"computing":[16],"overheads":[17],"arise":[18],"along":[19],"with":[20,148],"these":[21,25,65],"breakthroughs.":[22],"To":[23],"solve":[24],"problems,":[26,66],"network":[27,86,150],"quantization":[28,44,61,87,92],"has":[29,69],"received":[30],"increasing":[31],"attention":[32],"due":[33],"to":[34,57,124,163],"its":[35],"high":[36],"efficiency":[37],"hardware-friendly":[39],"property.":[40],"Nonetheless,":[41],"most":[42],"existing":[43],"approaches":[45],"rely":[46],"on":[47,108,134],"full":[49],"training":[50],"dataset":[51],"time-consuming":[54],"fine-tuning":[55],"process":[56],"retain":[58],"accuracy.":[59],"Post-training":[60,115],"does":[62],"not":[63],"however,":[67],"it":[68],"mainly":[70],"been":[71],"effective":[73],"for":[74],"8-bit":[75],"quantization.":[76],"In":[77],"this":[78,109],"paper,":[79],"we":[80,111,153],"theoretically":[81],"analyze":[82],"effect":[84],"of":[85,137],"show":[89],"that":[90],"loss":[93],"final":[96],"output":[97],"layer":[98],"is":[99,132],"bounded":[100],"by":[101],"layer-wise":[103],"activation":[104],"reconstruction":[105],"error.":[106],"Based":[107],"analysis,":[110],"propose":[112],"an":[113],"Optimization-based":[114],"Quantization":[116],"framework":[117,131],"a":[119,135],"novel":[120],"Bit-split":[121],"optimization":[122],"approach":[123],"achieve":[125,154],"minimal":[126],"accuracy":[127],"degradation.":[128],"The":[129],"proposed":[130],"validated":[133],"variety":[136],"computer":[138],"vision":[139],"tasks,":[140],"image":[142],"classification,":[143],"object":[144],"detection,":[145],"instance":[146],"segmentation,":[147],"architectures.":[151],"Specifically,":[152],"near-original":[155],"model":[156],"performance":[157],"even":[158],"when":[159],"quantizing":[160],"FP32":[161],"models":[162],"3-bit":[164],"without":[165],"fine-tuning.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
