{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210889190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3148386","title":"Towards High Performance Low Complexity Calibration in Appearance Based Gaze Estimation","display_name":"Towards High Performance Low Complexity Calibration in Appearance Based Gaze Estimation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210889190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3148386","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35130143"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2022.3148386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3148386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.09284","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhaokang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0237-0358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhaokang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0237-0358","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bertram E. Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-7495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bertram E. Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-7495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2846,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93388049,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"1","first_page":"1174","last_page":"1188"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.973800003528595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.973800003528595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.00860000029206276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8104000091552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.6861000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.5396000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5223000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.4726000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4253999888896942}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8104000091552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7773000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.6861000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.5396000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5223000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.4726000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4253999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2022.3148386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2022.3148386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35130143","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35130143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2001.09284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09284","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.09284","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-115538","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-115538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-115538","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-115538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2001.09284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09284","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.09284","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988798713","https://openalex.org/W1995694455","https://openalex.org/W2027879843","https://openalex.org/W2042906110","https://openalex.org/W2087806427","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2158363907","https://openalex.org/W2299591120","https://openalex.org/W2468114283","https://openalex.org/W2551546500","https://openalex.org/W2557669140","https://openalex.org/W2613568312","https://openalex.org/W2734091921","https://openalex.org/W2743644204","https://openalex.org/W2765629358","https://openalex.org/W2778268008","https://openalex.org/W2796229485","https://openalex.org/W2796991503","https://openalex.org/W2799164693","https://openalex.org/W2805131001","https://openalex.org/W2805466601","https://openalex.org/W2805524793","https://openalex.org/W2805941539","https://openalex.org/W2807126412","https://openalex.org/W2883284130","https://openalex.org/W2884915206","https://openalex.org/W2891719020","https://openalex.org/W2895535699","https://openalex.org/W2897063227","https://openalex.org/W2897890508","https://openalex.org/W2939489045","https://openalex.org/W2947161637","https://openalex.org/W2963148766","https://openalex.org/W2963530216","https://openalex.org/W2963709863","https://openalex.org/W2964172519","https://openalex.org/W2965297430","https://openalex.org/W2982717194","https://openalex.org/W2986102820","https://openalex.org/W2987706603","https://openalex.org/W2994800813","https://openalex.org/W3010151180","https://openalex.org/W3086471466","https://openalex.org/W3096147990","https://openalex.org/W4229726131","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6677618333","https://openalex.org/W6696085341","https://openalex.org/W6733590821","https://openalex.org/W6739696289","https://openalex.org/W6751368850","https://openalex.org/W6753820623","https://openalex.org/W6756905131","https://openalex.org/W6760207242"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Appearance-based":[0],"gaze":[1,9,48,54,62,123,131,191],"estimation":[2,41,111],"from":[3,11,64,74],"RGB":[4],"images":[5,75,128],"provides":[6],"relatively":[7],"unconstrained":[8],"tracking":[10],"commonly":[12],"available":[13,320,326],"hardware.":[14],"The":[15,317],"accuracy":[16],"of":[17,59,84,100,106,119,122,127,136,174,238,242,269],"subject-independent":[18,61],"models":[19],"is":[20,87,148,197,206,217,245,260,319,325],"limited":[21],"partly":[22,33],"by":[23,34,233,278],"small":[24],"intra-subject":[25],"and":[26,32,67,110,133,163,193,256,290],"large":[27],"inter-subject":[28],"variations":[29],"in":[30,139,160,211],"appearance,":[31],"a":[35,47,60,68,96,143,189,303],"latent":[36],"subject-dependent":[37,69],"bias.":[38,70],"To":[39,296],"improve":[40],"accuracy,":[42],"we":[43,115,301],"have":[44],"previously":[45,77],"proposed":[46,78,223],"decomposition":[49],"method":[50],"that":[51,93,186,246,288,307],"decomposes":[52],"the":[53,57,65,72,82,101,104,107,117,120,125,134,215,220,239,247,251,263,270,285,299,309],"angle":[55],"into":[56],"sum":[58],"estimate":[63],"image":[66],"Estimating":[71],"bias":[73],"outperforms":[76,230],"calibration":[79,85,108,140],"algorithms,":[80],"unless":[81],"amount":[83],"data":[86,141],"prohibitively":[88],"large.":[89],"This":[90,259],"paper":[91],"extends":[92],"work":[94,244],"with":[95,255],"more":[97,158,234],"complete":[98],"characterization":[99],"interplay":[102],"between":[103],"complexity":[105,179],"dataset":[109,318],"accuracy.":[112],"In":[113],"particular,":[114],"analyze":[116],"effect":[118],"number":[121,126,135],"targets,":[124],"used":[129],"per":[130],"target":[132,192],"head":[137,161,195,212],"positions":[138,162],"using":[142,187],"new":[144,304],"NISLGaze":[145],"dataset,":[146],"which":[147,312],"well":[149,266],"suited":[150],"for":[151,165],"analyzing":[152],"these":[153,175,227],"effects":[154],"as":[155,214,262],"it":[156,205],"includes":[157],"diversity":[159],"orientations":[164],"each":[166],"subject":[167,216],"than":[168,235],"other":[169],"datasets.":[170],"A":[171],"better":[172,297],"understanding":[173],"factors":[176],"enables":[177],"low":[178],"high":[180,201],"performance":[181,253],"calibration.":[182,203,258,279],"Our":[183,222],"results":[184],"indicate":[185],"only":[188],"single":[190,194],"position":[196],"sufficient":[198],"to":[199,208,283],"achieve":[200],"quality":[202],"However,":[204,280],"useful":[207],"include":[209],"variability":[210],"orientation":[213],"gazing":[218],"at":[219,321,327],"target.":[221],"estimator":[224,249,264],"based":[225],"on":[226],"studies":[228],"(GEDDNet)":[229],"state-of-the-art":[231],"methods":[232],"6.3%.":[236],"One":[237],"surprising":[240],"findings":[241],"our":[243],"same":[248],"yields":[250],"best":[252],"both":[254],"without":[257],"convenient,":[261],"works":[265],"\"straight":[267],"out":[268],"box,\"":[271],"but":[272],"can":[273,314],"be":[274,294,315],"improved":[275],"if":[276],"needed":[277],"this":[281,313],"seems":[282],"violate":[284],"conventional":[286],"wisdom":[287],"train":[289],"test":[291],"conditions":[292,310],"must":[293],"matched.":[295],"understand":[298],"reasons,":[300],"provide":[302],"theoretical":[305],"analysis":[306],"specifies":[308],"under":[311],"expected.":[316],"http://nislgaze.ust.hk.":[322],"Source":[323],"code":[324],"https://github.com/HKUST-NISL/GEDDnet.":[328]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-30T09:04:40.226872","created_date":"2022-02-09T00:00:00"}
