{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205691925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3140060","title":"Guiding Labelling Effort for Efficient Learning With Georeferenced Images","display_name":"Guiding Labelling Effort for Efficient Learning With Georeferenced Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205691925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3140060","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34982674"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3140060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3140060","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/34/9970415/09669070.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/34/9970415/09669070.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035668901","display_name":"Takaki Yamada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5090-7239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Takaki Yamada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5090-7239","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001921709","display_name":"Miquel Massot\u2010Campos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1202-0362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miquel Massot-Campos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1202-0362","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046941095","display_name":"Adam Pr\u00fcgel\u2010Bennett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-5077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Prugel-Bennett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-5077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068908958","display_name":"Oscar Pizarro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6612-2738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127558","display_name":"Australian Centre for Robotic Vision","ror":"https://ror.org/02zv9xv82","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oscar Pizarro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian Centre for Field Robotics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6612-2738","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian Centre for Field Robotics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558","https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044131792","display_name":"Stefan B. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9416-5639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127558","display_name":"Australian Centre for Robotic Vision","ror":"https://ror.org/02zv9xv82","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan B. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian Centre for Field Robotics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9416-5639","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian Centre for Field Robotics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558","https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039161868","display_name":"Blair Thornton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4492-622X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["GB","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Blair Thornton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4492-622X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035668901"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6327,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84318024,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"1","first_page":"593","last_page":"607"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8046702146530151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7064938545227051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6676874160766602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.6179789900779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.6009869575500488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5137401819229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5103968977928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.508082389831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3386702537536621}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8046702146530151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7064938545227051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6676874160766602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.6179789900779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.6009869575500488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5137401819229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5103968977928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.508082389831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3386702537536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3140060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3140060","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/34/9970415/09669070.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34982674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34982674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:453273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2021.3140060>).","pdf_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/453273/1/Yamada_2021_PAMI.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401020","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3140060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3140060","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/34/9970415/09669070.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1854617813","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/T010592/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","funder_display_name":"Sight Research UK"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4086896350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/T010592/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G648422776","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP190103914","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8962490747","display_name":"BioCam - Mapping of Benthic Biology, Geology and Ecology with Essential Ocean Variables","funder_award_id":"NE/P020887/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316566","display_name":"Schmidt Ocean Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02bkxyz57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","display_name":"Sight Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/03z2py885"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320277","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205691925.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205691925.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W81068503","https://openalex.org/W946771493","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1522156302","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1555866727","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1912700219","https://openalex.org/W1936223240","https://openalex.org/W1961501874","https://openalex.org/W1992396639","https://openalex.org/W1998943389","https://openalex.org/W2001123951","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2076131212","https://openalex.org/W2097018403","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2118941120","https://openalex.org/W2128017662","https://openalex.org/W2140792329","https://openalex.org/W2146715576","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2169827072","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2248723555","https://openalex.org/W2253429366","https://openalex.org/W2258850155","https://openalex.org/W2342880667","https://openalex.org/W2510508657","https://openalex.org/W2512351403","https://openalex.org/W2516076665","https://openalex.org/W2523983814","https://openalex.org/W2548094124","https://openalex.org/W2576300543","https://openalex.org/W2597876337","https://openalex.org/W2750023899","https://openalex.org/W2768975974","https://openalex.org/W2783353659","https://openalex.org/W2811199523","https://openalex.org/W2887280559","https://openalex.org/W2900751312","https://openalex.org/W2903158431","https://openalex.org/W2905035870","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2951786554","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2955950606","https://openalex.org/W2964246847","https://openalex.org/W2979805229","https://openalex.org/W3016453764","https://openalex.org/W3024543081","https://openalex.org/W3031943955","https://openalex.org/W3041943617","https://openalex.org/W3047626901","https://openalex.org/W3091002423","https://openalex.org/W3091528367","https://openalex.org/W3099836861","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W4297730708","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637015483","https://openalex.org/W6640040356","https://openalex.org/W6674642818","https://openalex.org/W6692160077","https://openalex.org/W6735374517","https://openalex.org/W6756615331","https://openalex.org/W6785363422"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2669956259","https://openalex.org/W4249005693","https://openalex.org/W4392946183","https://openalex.org/W3088732000","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3183901164","https://openalex.org/W4206357785","https://openalex.org/W4281381188","https://openalex.org/W2951211570"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,69],"describe":[1],"a":[2,32,65,186],"novel":[3],"semi-supervised":[4],"learning":[5,26,44],"method":[6,49,118,137],"that":[7,184],"reduces":[8],"the":[9,61,71,103,114,117,126,136,152],"labelling":[10],"effort":[11],"needed":[12],"to":[13,28,74,123],"train":[14],"convolutional":[15],"neural":[16],"networks":[17],"(CNNs)":[18],"when":[19],"processing":[20],"georeferenced":[21,83],"imagery.":[22,96],"This":[23],"allows":[24],"deep":[25],"CNNs":[27,124,155],"be":[29],"trained":[30,129,156],"on":[31,60],"per-dataset":[33],"basis,":[34],"which":[35],"is":[36,42],"useful":[37],"in":[38,92,110,171,175],"domains":[39],"where":[40,87],"there":[41],"limited":[43],"transferability":[45],"across":[46,119],"datasets.":[47],"The":[48,168],"identifies":[50],"representative":[51],"subsets":[52],"of":[53,64,82,116,125,144,151,154,190],"images":[54],"from":[55],"an":[56,142],"unlabelled":[57],"dataset":[58],"based":[59],"latent":[62],"representation":[63],"location":[66],"guided":[67],"autoencoder.":[68],"assess":[70],"method's":[72],"sensitivities":[73],"design":[75],"options":[76],"using":[77,130,163],"four":[78],"different":[79],"ground-truthed":[80],"datasets":[81,108,176],"environmental":[84],"monitoring":[85],"images,":[86],"these":[88],"include":[89],"various":[90],"scenes":[91],"aerial":[93,104],"and":[94,105,133,148,181],"seafloor":[95,106],"Efficiency":[97],"gains":[98,170],"are":[99,173],"achieved":[100],"for":[101],"all":[102],"image":[107],"analysed":[109],"our":[111],"experiments,":[112],"demonstrating":[113],"benefit":[115],"application":[120],"domains.":[121],"Compared":[122],"same":[127],"architecture":[128],"conventional":[131],"transfer":[132],"active":[134],"learning,":[135],"achieves":[138],"equivalent":[139],"accuracy":[140,153],"with":[141,158,177],"order":[143],"magnitude":[145],"fewer":[146],"annotations,":[147],"85":[149],"%":[150],"conventionally":[157],"approximately":[159],"10,000":[160],"human":[161],"annotations":[162],"just":[164],"40":[165],"prioritised":[166],"annotations.":[167],"biggest":[169],"efficiency":[172],"seen":[174],"unbalanced":[178],"class":[179],"distributions":[180],"rare":[182],"classes":[183],"have":[185],"relatively":[187],"small":[188],"number":[189],"observations.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}