{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3123350987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3132674","title":"Investigating Bi-Level Optimization for Learning and Vision From a Unified Perspective: A Survey and Beyond","display_name":"Investigating Bi-Level Optimization for Learning and Vision From a Unified Perspective: A Survey and Beyond","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3123350987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3132674","mag":"3123350987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3132674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3132674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Risheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-0565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Risheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["DUT-RU International School of Information Science &amp; Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DUT-RU International School of Information Science &amp; Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiaxin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0023-1269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["DUT-RU International School of Information Science &amp; Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DUT-RU International School of Information Science &amp; Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6691-5612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Deyu Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1294-8283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deyu Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi&#x0027;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x0027;an, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi&#x0027;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x0027;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhouchen Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1493-7569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhouchen Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), School of Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), School of Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.1115,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":103,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99556597,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"12","first_page":"10045","last_page":"10067"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6208999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5142999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5005000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.4878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.478300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.40950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.3919000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.37929999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6473000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6208999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5142999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5044000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5005000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.478300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.40950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.3919000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.37929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.34769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3312999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51620047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23399","display_name":"Memetics","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781002164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822311","display_name":"Meta learning (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3132674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3132674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":223,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119503700","https://openalex.org/W1490132940","https://openalex.org/W1542791059","https://openalex.org/W1783840476","https://openalex.org/W1965256357","https://openalex.org/W1968859249","https://openalex.org/W1970163214","https://openalex.org/W1974549991","https://openalex.org/W1977649329","https://openalex.org/W1979603336","https://openalex.org/W1999370759","https://openalex.org/W2001759562","https://openalex.org/W2002511953","https://openalex.org/W2005629858","https://openalex.org/W2018705062","https://openalex.org/W2043454518","https://openalex.org/W2044857380","https://openalex.org/W2047859246","https://openalex.org/W2050120386","https://openalex.org/W2052387674","https://openalex.org/W2053072311","https://openalex.org/W2064997474","https://openalex.org/W2067502892","https://openalex.org/W2069577676","https://openalex.org/W2079104779","https://openalex.org/W2081698249","https://openalex.org/W2085778185","https://openalex.org/W2090411045","https://openalex.org/W2105111839","https://openalex.org/W2138218159","https://openalex.org/W2156417353","https://openalex.org/W2157894832","https://openalex.org/W2158001550","https://openalex.org/W2198630576","https://openalex.org/W2201160130","https://openalex.org/W2514701066","https://openalex.org/W2540507728","https://openalex.org/W2600297185","https://openalex.org/W2604584606","https://openalex.org/W2606904667","https://openalex.org/W2614367549","https://openalex.org/W2625674597","https://openalex.org/W2724519630","https://openalex.org/W2788963265","https://openalex.org/W2793625207","https://openalex.org/W2798836702","https://openalex.org/W2807256486","https://openalex.org/W2896140431","https://openalex.org/W2906196996","https://openalex.org/W2909096461","https://openalex.org/W2953288298","https://openalex.org/W2963136578","https://openalex.org/W2963589590","https://openalex.org/W2969843367","https://openalex.org/W2979541819","https://openalex.org/W2980342893","https://openalex.org/W2981748264","https://openalex.org/W2982440944","https://openalex.org/W2985228975","https://openalex.org/W2991257702","https://openalex.org/W2991664641","https://openalex.org/W2997072274","https://openalex.org/W2997124358","https://openalex.org/W2997434469","https://openalex.org/W2997884746","https://openalex.org/W2998178057","https://openalex.org/W2998227662","https://openalex.org/W3005761507","https://openalex.org/W3007041883","https://openalex.org/W3015585292","https://openalex.org/W3015882946","https://openalex.org/W3023371261","https://openalex.org/W3025942161","https://openalex.org/W3034251792","https://openalex.org/W3034309359","https://openalex.org/W3034466185","https://openalex.org/W3034528588","https://openalex.org/W3034906194","https://openalex.org/W3035067471","https://openalex.org/W3035170495","https://openalex.org/W3035304632","https://openalex.org/W3035470482","https://openalex.org/W3035486430","https://openalex.org/W3035658156","https://openalex.org/W3049156125","https://openalex.org/W3064668155","https://openalex.org/W3080466448","https://openalex.org/W3090200643","https://openalex.org/W3090931713","https://openalex.org/W3093479138","https://openalex.org/W3106639163","https://openalex.org/W3107118572","https://openalex.org/W3108147631","https://openalex.org/W3108237862","https://openalex.org/W3108326355","https://openalex.org/W3109055551","https://openalex.org/W3110392026","https://openalex.org/W3110670586","https://openalex.org/W3152918876","https://openalex.org/W3162299809","https://openalex.org/W3174792937","https://openalex.org/W3175433886","https://openalex.org/W3185762663","https://openalex.org/W3186079113","https://openalex.org/W4230670656","https://openalex.org/W4252848749","https://openalex.org/W4256439778","https://openalex.org/W6629406387","https://openalex.org/W6638908295","https://openalex.org/W6639506587","https://openalex.org/W6677088747","https://openalex.org/W6681825795","https://openalex.org/W6682613788","https://openalex.org/W6683178862","https://openalex.org/W6686960354","https://openalex.org/W6693919493","https://openalex.org/W6696185917","https://openalex.org/W6714477741","https://openalex.org/W6717367658","https://openalex.org/W6717491530","https://openalex.org/W6718092244","https://openalex.org/W6721480755","https://openalex.org/W6724188081","https://openalex.org/W6725192724","https://openalex.org/W6727474214","https://openalex.org/W6729433768","https://openalex.org/W6729767818","https://openalex.org/W6733065090","https://openalex.org/W6734122017","https://openalex.org/W6734265508","https://openalex.org/W6735487127","https://openalex.org/W6736057607","https://openalex.org/W6739365718","https://openalex.org/W6739653404","https://openalex.org/W6741529945","https://openalex.org/W6742288159","https://openalex.org/W6743661861","https://openalex.org/W6745764291","https://openalex.org/W6746462176","https://openalex.org/W6747888898","https://openalex.org/W6747943641","https://openalex.org/W6748057086","https://openalex.org/W6748136086","https://openalex.org/W6748567128","https://openalex.org/W6748676082","https://openalex.org/W6750222692","https://openalex.org/W6750254146","https://openalex.org/W6751234865","https://openalex.org/W6751797489","https://openalex.org/W6751869817","https://openalex.org/W6752129230","https://openalex.org/W6752213908","https://openalex.org/W6752232076","https://openalex.org/W6752515464","https://openalex.org/W6752662853","https://openalex.org/W6753278433","https://openalex.org/W6753311412","https://openalex.org/W6753770476","https://openalex.org/W6754471908","https://openalex.org/W6754538847","https://openalex.org/W6754750134","https://openalex.org/W6754993503","https://openalex.org/W6755365793","https://openalex.org/W6755905128","https://openalex.org/W6757204547","https://openalex.org/W6757297395","https://openalex.org/W6758451840","https://openalex.org/W6758740788","https://openalex.org/W6759172331","https://openalex.org/W6760929257","https://openalex.org/W6761057525","https://openalex.org/W6761066626","https://openalex.org/W6761823547","https://openalex.org/W6761847004","https://openalex.org/W6762811270","https://openalex.org/W6762857820","https://openalex.org/W6763030259","https://openalex.org/W6763233178","https://openalex.org/W6763509872","https://openalex.org/W6763832118","https://openalex.org/W6765145614","https://openalex.org/W6765650844","https://openalex.org/W6766984874","https://openalex.org/W6767019922","https://openalex.org/W6767067800","https://openalex.org/W6767199338","https://openalex.org/W6767331726","https://openalex.org/W6767485795","https://openalex.org/W6767500435","https://openalex.org/W6767599400","https://openalex.org/W6767701525","https://openalex.org/W6768532476","https://openalex.org/W6768560635","https://openalex.org/W6770070843","https://openalex.org/W6771235960","https://openalex.org/W6771590690","https://openalex.org/W6771784742","https://openalex.org/W6773607706","https://openalex.org/W6774341790","https://openalex.org/W6774713072","https://openalex.org/W6778804409","https://openalex.org/W6779138978","https://openalex.org/W6779310797","https://openalex.org/W6779386277","https://openalex.org/W6779422899","https://openalex.org/W6779547070","https://openalex.org/W6779896617","https://openalex.org/W6780106526","https://openalex.org/W6780484716","https://openalex.org/W6780485825","https://openalex.org/W6780576306","https://openalex.org/W6780967732","https://openalex.org/W6781723260","https://openalex.org/W6783124130","https://openalex.org/W6783315569","https://openalex.org/W6784817550","https://openalex.org/W6789204626","https://openalex.org/W6790845616","https://openalex.org/W6796849125","https://openalex.org/W6797355025","https://openalex.org/W6798760686","https://openalex.org/W6804528940","https://openalex.org/W6864254751"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bi-Level":[0],"Optimization":[1],"(BLO)":[2],"is":[3,20,38],"originated":[4],"from":[5,100,129],"the":[6,16,41,51,101,151],"area":[7],"of":[8,32,58,83,103,153,173],"economic":[9],"game":[10],"theory":[11],"and":[12,46,54,66,74,97,112,120,139,142,162,182],"then":[13],"introduced":[14],"into":[15],"optimization":[17,33],"community.":[18],"BLO":[19,124,156],"able":[21],"to":[22,118,134],"handle":[23],"problems":[24,99],"with":[25],"a":[26,56,81,108,114],"hierarchical":[27],"structure,":[28],"involving":[29],"two":[30],"levels":[31],"tasks,":[34],"where":[35],"one":[36],"task":[37],"nested":[39],"inside":[40],"other.":[42],"In":[43,87],"machine":[44],"learning":[45,73,96],"computer":[47],"vision":[48,98],"fields,":[49],"despite":[50],"different":[52],"motivations":[53],"mechanisms,":[55],"lot":[57],"complex":[59,95],"problems,":[60],"such":[61],"as":[62],"hyper-parameter":[63],"optimization,":[64],"multi-task":[65],"meta":[67],"learning,":[68,77],"neural":[69],"architecture":[70],"search,":[71],"adversarial":[72],"deep":[75],"reinforcement":[76],"actually":[78],"all":[79],"contain":[80],"series":[82],"closely":[84],"related":[85],"subproblms.":[86],"this":[88,178],"paper,":[89],"we":[90,106,149],"first":[91],"uniformly":[92],"express":[93],"these":[94],"perspective":[102],"BLO.":[104],"Then":[105],"construct":[107],"best-response-based":[109],"single-level":[110],"reformulation":[111],"establish":[113],"unified":[115,155],"algorithmic":[116],"framework":[117,157],"understand":[119],"formulate":[121],"mainstream":[122],"gradient-based":[123],"methodologies,":[125],"covering":[126],"aspects":[127],"ranging":[128],"fundamental":[130],"automatic":[131],"differentiation":[132],"schemes":[133],"various":[135],"accelerations,":[136],"simplifications,":[137],"extensions":[138],"their":[140],"convergence":[141],"complexity":[143],"properties.":[144],"Last":[145],"but":[146],"not":[147],"least,":[148],"discuss":[150],"potentials":[152],"our":[154],"for":[158,168],"designing":[159],"new":[160],"algorithms":[161],"point":[163],"out":[164],"some":[165],"promising":[166],"directions":[167],"future":[169],"research.":[170],"A":[171],"list":[172],"important":[174],"papers":[175],"discussed":[176],"in":[177],"survey,":[179],"corresponding":[180],"codes,":[181],"additional":[183],"resources":[184],"on":[185],"BLOs":[186],"are":[187],"publicly":[188],"available":[189],"at:":[190],"<uri":[191],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[192],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/vis-opt-group/BLO</uri>":[193],".":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}