{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3214752899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3129819","title":"Test-Time Adaptation for Video Frame Interpolation via Meta-Learning","display_name":"Test-Time Adaptation for Video Frame Interpolation via Meta-Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3214752899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3129819","mag":"3214752899","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34813468"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3129819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3129819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031461471","display_name":"Myungsub Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4731-3074"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myungsub Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4731-3074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013350271","display_name":"Janghoon Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0932-6213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janghoon Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048206537","display_name":"Sungyong Baik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5702-4618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungyong Baik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5702-4618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100438996","display_name":"Tae Hyun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7995-3984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tae Hyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7995-3984","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046504049","display_name":"Kyoung Mu Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7210-1036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyoung Mu Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7210-1036","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Automation and Systems Research Institute (ASRI), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0673,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79664844,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"12","first_page":"9615","last_page":"9628"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8040570020675659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.725648820400238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.6802302598953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.642261803150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-interpolation","display_name":"Motion interpolation","score":0.549772322177887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5424162149429321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-frame","display_name":"Residual frame","score":0.5343223214149475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.4905344843864441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-post-processing","display_name":"Video post-processing","score":0.4335689842700958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-scaling","display_name":"Image scaling","score":0.4321237802505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-learning","display_name":"Meta learning (computer science)","score":0.4296174943447113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4212372303009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.4115048348903656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3407692313194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33532366156578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-matching-algorithm","display_name":"Block-matching algorithm","score":0.28441566228866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-tracking","display_name":"Video tracking","score":0.28114670515060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-processing","display_name":"Video processing","score":0.2598678469657898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-frame","display_name":"Reference frame","score":0.2230956256389618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-compression-picture-types","display_name":"Video compression picture types","score":0.18231570720672607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.16771674156188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.13026058673858643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.1224244236946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.07283332943916321}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8040570020675659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.725648820400238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.6802302598953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.642261803150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72560505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204510","display_name":"Motion interpolation","level":5,"score":0.549772322177887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5424162149429321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204641915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315509","display_name":"Residual frame","level":4,"score":0.5343223214149475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.4905344843864441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117090137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7927977","display_name":"Video post-processing","level":5,"score":0.4335689842700958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27405340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q440296","display_name":"Image scaling","level":4,"score":0.4321237802505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781002164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822311","display_name":"Meta learning (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.4296174943447113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4212372303009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4115048348903656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3407692313194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33532366156578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167510206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835824","display_name":"Block-matching algorithm","level":4,"score":0.28441566228866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202474056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931635","display_name":"Video tracking","level":3,"score":0.28114670515060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65483669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536669","display_name":"Video processing","level":2,"score":0.2598678469657898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172849965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3148875","display_name":"Reference frame","level":3,"score":0.2230956256389618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106030495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1797012","display_name":"Video compression picture types","level":4,"score":0.18231570720672607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.16771674156188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.13026058673858643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.1224244236946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.07283332943916321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3129819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3129819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34813468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34813468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6992770579","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5264-20190101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310381","funder_display_name":"Hyundai Motor Group"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310381","display_name":"Hyundai Motor Group","ror":"https://ror.org/05kxbz959"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321292","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24089286","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1598377843","https://openalex.org/W1857884451","https://openalex.org/W1905052409","https://openalex.org/W1930824406","https://openalex.org/W2089217417","https://openalex.org/W2137825550","https://openalex.org/W2147253850","https://openalex.org/W2156303437","https://openalex.org/W2167191464","https://openalex.org/W2305401973","https://openalex.org/W2472819217","https://openalex.org/W2534320940","https://openalex.org/W2557641257","https://openalex.org/W2586480386","https://openalex.org/W2601450892","https://openalex.org/W2604329646","https://openalex.org/W2604763608","https://openalex.org/W2738579427","https://openalex.org/W2739617566","https://openalex.org/W2742093937","https://openalex.org/W2769654144","https://openalex.org/W2781294472","https://openalex.org/W2791172704","https://openalex.org/W2897297439","https://openalex.org/W2904829482","https://openalex.org/W2949258649","https://openalex.org/W2962723986","https://openalex.org/W2963093735","https://openalex.org/W2963268050","https://openalex.org/W2963341924","https://openalex.org/W2963483509","https://openalex.org/W2963524571","https://openalex.org/W2963548592","https://openalex.org/W2963653352","https://openalex.org/W2963704386","https://openalex.org/W2964105864","https://openalex.org/W2964251418","https://openalex.org/W2964286567","https://openalex.org/W2972954809","https://openalex.org/W2981362942","https://openalex.org/W2989028869","https://openalex.org/W2997150500","https://openalex.org/W3015734078","https://openalex.org/W3034354010","https://openalex.org/W3034416326","https://openalex.org/W3034921716","https://openalex.org/W3035304632","https://openalex.org/W3091905774","https://openalex.org/W3102015846","https://openalex.org/W3102289792","https://openalex.org/W3107505690","https://openalex.org/W3110612869","https://openalex.org/W3111283122","https://openalex.org/W3118401715","https://openalex.org/W3119408778","https://openalex.org/W4294646197","https://openalex.org/W6600983433","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6635862820","https://openalex.org/W6681968150","https://openalex.org/W6682864246","https://openalex.org/W6717697761","https://openalex.org/W6720057410","https://openalex.org/W6735236233","https://openalex.org/W6735698919","https://openalex.org/W6736057607","https://openalex.org/W6742288159","https://openalex.org/W6747495046","https://openalex.org/W6749327742","https://openalex.org/W6750254146","https://openalex.org/W6751281049","https://openalex.org/W6755320880","https://openalex.org/W6755365793","https://openalex.org/W6767201353","https://openalex.org/W6767599400","https://openalex.org/W6783596713","https://openalex.org/W6785154433","https://openalex.org/W6787218831"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3163730507","https://openalex.org/W2973076848","https://openalex.org/W2999321504","https://openalex.org/W1758919547","https://openalex.org/W1581583102","https://openalex.org/W3083410229","https://openalex.org/W2963726353","https://openalex.org/W3115745469","https://openalex.org/W1854502593","https://openalex.org/W2514536886"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Video":[0],"frame":[1,20,66,141,157],"interpolation":[2,67,142,158],"is":[3,29,131],"a":[4,32,42,98,117],"challenging":[5],"problem":[6],"that":[7,69,146],"involves":[8],"various":[9],"scenarios":[10],"depending":[11],"on":[12,160],"the":[13,89,127,152],"variety":[14],"of":[15,91,97,154],"foreground":[16],"and":[17,22,100],"background":[18],"motions,":[19],"rate,":[21],"occlusion.":[23],"Therefore,":[24],"generalizing":[25],"across":[26],"different":[27,43],"scenes":[28],"difficult":[30],"for":[31,45,54],"single":[33,118],"network":[34,44,99],"with":[35,115,138],"fixed":[36],"parameters.":[37,125],"Ideally,":[38],"one":[39],"could":[40],"have":[41],"each":[46],"scenario,":[47],"but":[48,78],"this":[49,58],"will":[50],"be":[51,135],"computationally":[52],"infeasible":[53],"practical":[55],"applications.":[56],"In":[57],"work,":[59],"we":[60,110],"propose":[61],"MetaVFI,":[62],"an":[63],"adaptive":[64,148],"video":[65,140,156],"algorithm":[68,130],"uses":[70],"additional":[71,124],"information":[72],"readily":[73],"available":[74],"at":[75],"test":[76],"time":[77],"has":[79],"not":[80],"been":[81],"exploited":[82],"in":[83],"previous":[84],"works.":[85],"We":[86,144],"initially":[87],"show":[88,145],"benefits":[90],"test-time":[92],"adaptation":[93],"through":[94],"simple":[95],"fine-tuning":[96],"then":[101],"greatly":[102,150],"improve":[103],"its":[104],"efficiency":[105],"by":[106],"incorporating":[107],"meta-learning.":[108],"Thus,":[109],"obtain":[111],"significant":[112],"performance":[113,153],"gains":[114],"only":[116],"gradient":[119],"update":[120],"without":[121],"introducing":[122],"any":[123,139],"Moreover,":[126],"proposed":[128],"MetaVFI":[129],"model-agnostic":[132],"which":[133],"can":[134],"easily":[136],"combined":[137],"network.":[143],"our":[147],"framework":[149],"improves":[151],"baseline":[155],"networks":[159],"multiple":[161],"benchmark":[162],"datasets.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}