{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212266429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3125995","title":"AF: An Association-Based Fusion Method for Multi-Modal Classification","display_name":"AF: An Association-Based Fusion Method for Multi-Modal Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212266429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3125995","mag":"3212266429","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34752381"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3125995","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3125995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076391595","display_name":"Xinyan Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2589-5392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181877577","display_name":"Shanxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03y3e3s17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinyan Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Big Data Science and Industry, the Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Chinese Information Processing of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Big Data Science and Industry, the Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Chinese Information Processing of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003563112","display_name":"Yuhua Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6772-4247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181877577","display_name":"Shanxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03y3e3s17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhua Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Big Data Science and Industry, the Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Chinese Information Processing of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Big Data Science and Industry, the Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Chinese Information Processing of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102708716","display_name":"Qian Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9189-7834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181877577","display_name":"Shanxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03y3e3s17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Big Data Science and Industry, the Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Chinese Information Processing of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Big Data Science and Industry, the Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Chinese Information Processing of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102437985","display_name":"Honghong Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170751988","display_name":"Shanxi University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04nte7y58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170751988"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181877577","display_name":"Shanxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03y3e3s17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Honghong Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China","Institute of Big Data Science and Industry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170751988"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Big Data Science and Industry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106626932","display_name":"Jiye Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5887-9327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181877577","display_name":"Shanxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03y3e3s17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiye Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Chinese Information Processing of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Chinese Information Processing of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076391595"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9415,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96411902,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"12","first_page":"9236","last_page":"9254"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8447936773300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7031875252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6912912130355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.6335151791572571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5596722364425659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.5244919657707214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5065795183181763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.4978024959564209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47865545749664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.47028660774230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generality","display_name":"Generality","score":0.4677211046218872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41268986463546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.41027164459228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.38331007957458496}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8447936773300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7031875252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6912912130355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.6335151791572571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5596722364425659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.5244919657707214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5065795183181763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4978024959564209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47865545749664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.47028660774230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.4677211046218872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41268986463546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.41027164459228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38331007957458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3125995","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3125995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34752381","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34752381","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1103352614","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61906114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1491589523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62106132","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1681855533","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61906115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5871724853","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62006146","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6645239457","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61802238","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15375276","https://openalex.org/W91849029","https://openalex.org/W154472438","https://openalex.org/W898167003","https://openalex.org/W1565746575","https://openalex.org/W1892382968","https://openalex.org/W1969865391","https://openalex.org/W1987632951","https://openalex.org/W2007972815","https://openalex.org/W2018582985","https://openalex.org/W2023158516","https://openalex.org/W2023205960","https://openalex.org/W2025768430","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2061223839","https://openalex.org/W2069682406","https://openalex.org/W2079680557","https://openalex.org/W2089720846","https://openalex.org/W2092939357","https://openalex.org/W2106277773","https://openalex.org/W2128603141","https://openalex.org/W2141267652","https://openalex.org/W2154462399","https://openalex.org/W2165092666","https://openalex.org/W2165700458","https://openalex.org/W2465534249","https://openalex.org/W2563233531","https://openalex.org/W2568086521","https://openalex.org/W2583643061","https://openalex.org/W2592340788","https://openalex.org/W2605997098","https://openalex.org/W2619383789","https://openalex.org/W2623201052","https://openalex.org/W2747623286","https://openalex.org/W2780838211","https://openalex.org/W2787581402","https://openalex.org/W2789304371","https://openalex.org/W2808359495","https://openalex.org/W2883409523","https://openalex.org/W2890531016","https://openalex.org/W2903647084","https://openalex.org/W2911942613","https://openalex.org/W2914287897","https://openalex.org/W2928252518","https://openalex.org/W2963645879","https://openalex.org/W2964010806","https://openalex.org/W2964051877","https://openalex.org/W2964067226","https://openalex.org/W2964216663","https://openalex.org/W2964346351","https://openalex.org/W2970972665","https://openalex.org/W2981586349","https://openalex.org/W2990629080","https://openalex.org/W2994725852","https://openalex.org/W3008563062","https://openalex.org/W3011266291","https://openalex.org/W3024488967","https://openalex.org/W3034266838","https://openalex.org/W3034849760","https://openalex.org/W3037593917","https://openalex.org/W3045679024","https://openalex.org/W3092767330","https://openalex.org/W3093051361","https://openalex.org/W3104219743","https://openalex.org/W3122155873","https://openalex.org/W3122818000","https://openalex.org/W3128412859","https://openalex.org/W3129733853","https://openalex.org/W3130406858","https://openalex.org/W3134776119","https://openalex.org/W3137646246","https://openalex.org/W3148358293","https://openalex.org/W4232714830","https://openalex.org/W6600650022","https://openalex.org/W6603706595","https://openalex.org/W6606244218","https://openalex.org/W6624171446","https://openalex.org/W6633774736","https://openalex.org/W6680924239","https://openalex.org/W6683181193","https://openalex.org/W6698415367","https://openalex.org/W6719667659","https://openalex.org/W6752724743","https://openalex.org/W6753277404","https://openalex.org/W6767287485","https://openalex.org/W6770782798","https://openalex.org/W6784500203","https://openalex.org/W6788887552","https://openalex.org/W6789041250","https://openalex.org/W6793146260"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W2045049461","https://openalex.org/W1978893398","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W2201908702","https://openalex.org/W2132659060","https://openalex.org/W2031992971","https://openalex.org/W3214791684","https://openalex.org/W2152662039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-modal":[0],"classification":[1,14],"(MMC)":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,12,136,138,164],"integrate":[5],"the":[6,47,52,56,72,80,87,93,117,121,169,172],"complementary":[7],"information":[8,119,123],"from":[9,125],"different":[10],"modalities":[11],"improve":[13,165],"performance.":[15,167],"Existing":[16],"MMC":[17,141,157,184,199],"methods":[18,26,33,70,158,185],"can":[19,159],"be":[20,160],"grouped":[21],"into":[22,131,162],"two":[23],"categories:":[24],"traditional":[25,32,183],"and":[27,50,92,120,154,171,191,195],"deep":[28,68,197],"learning-based":[29,69,198],"methods.":[30],"The":[31,67],"often":[34],"implement":[35,71],"fusion":[36,49,73,108,152,193],"in":[37,74,143],"a":[38,75,104,132,150,196],"low-level":[39],"original":[40],"space.":[41],"Besides,":[42],"they":[43],"mostly":[44],"focus":[45],"on":[46,99,178],"inter-modal":[48],"neglect":[51],"intra-modal":[53],"fusion.":[54],"Thus,":[55],"representation":[57],"capacity":[58],"of":[59,174],"fused":[60,94],"features":[61,83],"induced":[62],"by":[63],"them":[64],"is":[65,90,149],"insufficient.":[66],"high-level":[76],"feature":[77,126,134],"space":[78,95,127,135],"where":[79],"associations":[81],"among":[82],"are":[84,128,176],"considered,":[85],"while":[86],"whole":[88],"process":[89],"implicit":[91],"lacks":[96],"interpretability.":[97],"Based":[98],"these":[100],"observations,":[101],"we":[102],"propose":[103],"novel":[105],"interpretative":[106],"association-based":[107],"method":[109],"for":[110],"MMC,":[111],"named":[112],"AF.":[113],"In":[114],"AF,":[115],"both":[116],"association":[118],"high-order":[122],"extracted":[124],"simultaneously":[129],"encoded":[130],"new":[133],"help":[137],"train":[139],"an":[140,144],"model":[142,192],"explicit":[145],"manner.":[146],"Moreover,":[147],"AF":[148,175],"general":[151],"framework,":[153],"most":[155],"existing":[156],"embedded":[161],"it":[163],"their":[166],"Finally,":[168],"effectiveness":[170],"generality":[173],"validated":[177],"22":[179],"datasets,":[180],"four":[181],"typically":[182],"adopting":[186],"best":[187],"modality,":[188],"early,":[189],"late":[190],"strategies":[194],"method.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T08:17:26.163206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}