{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211060597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3122572","title":"Content and Style Aware Generation of Text-Line Images for Handwriting Recognition","display_name":"Content and Style Aware Generation of Text-Line Images for Handwriting Recognition","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211060597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3122572","mag":"3211060597","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34699351"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3122572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3122572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.05539","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044025660","display_name":"Lei Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-3916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32574673","display_name":"Shantou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a099706","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Shantou University, Shantou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-3916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Shantou University, Shantou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046277447","display_name":"Pau Riba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4710-0864"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pau Riba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Helsing AI, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4710-0864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helsing AI, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026710474","display_name":"Mar\u00e7al Rusi\u00f1ol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1734-2205"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcal Rusinol","raw_affiliation_strings":["AllRead MLT, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1734-2205","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AllRead MLT, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090099386","display_name":"Al\u00edcia Forn\u00e9s","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9692-5336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153096","display_name":"Computer Vision Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00s0nnj93","country_code":null,"type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153040","https://openalex.org/I4387153096"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alicia Fornes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision Center, Computer Science Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9692-5336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Center, Computer Science Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023540106","display_name":"Mauricio Villegas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7450-6707"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mauricio Villegas","raw_affiliation_strings":["omni:us, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7450-6707","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"omni:us, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.616,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9436243,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"12","first_page":"8846","last_page":"8860"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.8510819673538208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8293785452842712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.6889646053314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6790258884429932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5641228556632996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-character-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","score":0.5112733840942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48004329204559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4649701416492462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/style","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","score":0.4605391025543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.4447343349456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.43588533997535706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.27158889174461365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.15318819880485535}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.8510819673538208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8293785452842712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.6889646053314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6790258884429932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5641228556632996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44868376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099089","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","level":4,"score":0.5112733840942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48004329204559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4649701416492462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1792644","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","level":2,"score":0.4605391025543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4447343349456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.43588533997535706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27158889174461365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.15318819880485535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006236","descriptor_name":"Handwriting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006236","descriptor_name":"Handwriting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006236","descriptor_name":"Handwriting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3122572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3122572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34699351","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34699351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2204.05539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2204.05539","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.05539","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2204.05539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2204.05539","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.05539","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2320966126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"140/09421059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310972","funder_display_name":"Shantou University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4491898480","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018-095645-B-C21","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310972","display_name":"Shantou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a099706"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78449495","https://openalex.org/W1598796236","https://openalex.org/W1810943226","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W1969604019","https://openalex.org/W2014894851","https://openalex.org/W2029891985","https://openalex.org/W2065672539","https://openalex.org/W2078179989","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2125389028","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2128318879","https://openalex.org/W2142694332","https://openalex.org/W2152928267","https://openalex.org/W2394605686","https://openalex.org/W2606712314","https://openalex.org/W2772474126","https://openalex.org/W2784936144","https://openalex.org/W2795456585","https://openalex.org/W2899771611","https://openalex.org/W2901646136","https://openalex.org/W2909190397","https://openalex.org/W2962741254","https://openalex.org/W2962968458","https://openalex.org/W2963047498","https://openalex.org/W2963092440","https://openalex.org/W2963767194","https://openalex.org/W2963802693","https://openalex.org/W2963890275","https://openalex.org/W2964268978","https://openalex.org/W2966126763","https://openalex.org/W2982148195","https://openalex.org/W2999778248","https://openalex.org/W3003967978","https://openalex.org/W3013377786","https://openalex.org/W3032173757","https://openalex.org/W3034407343","https://openalex.org/W3034446980","https://openalex.org/W3034904792","https://openalex.org/W3035574324","https://openalex.org/W3082823856","https://openalex.org/W3100219567","https://openalex.org/W3109645351","https://openalex.org/W3111885845","https://openalex.org/W3128933103","https://openalex.org/W4298422451","https://openalex.org/W4301206121","https://openalex.org/W4306292341","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6635679246","https://openalex.org/W6638273328","https://openalex.org/W6639118987","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6678815747","https://openalex.org/W6727099177","https://openalex.org/W6736562241","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6745718552","https://openalex.org/W6749725282","https://openalex.org/W6756040250","https://openalex.org/W6758204279","https://openalex.org/W6765779288","https://openalex.org/W6773066478","https://openalex.org/W6778548168","https://openalex.org/W6779400233","https://openalex.org/W6783175930"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386428871","https://openalex.org/W3199359807","https://openalex.org/W4220954837","https://openalex.org/W3047607512","https://openalex.org/W3003949997","https://openalex.org/W4390983538","https://openalex.org/W2110485610","https://openalex.org/W183832189","https://openalex.org/W3163065387","https://openalex.org/W2406729210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Handwritten":[0,165],"Text":[1,166],"Recognition":[2,167],"has":[3,48],"achieved":[4],"an":[5],"impressive":[6],"performance":[7],"in":[8,52],"public":[9],"benchmarks.":[10],"However,":[11,65],"due":[12],"to":[13,26,56,112,130,140,163],"the":[14,53,61,79,160,176,180,184],"high":[15],"inter-":[16],"and":[17,59,74,105,144,171],"intra-class":[18],"variability":[19],"between":[20,72],"handwriting":[21,62,119],"styles,":[22],"such":[23,87],"recognizers":[24],"need":[25],"be":[27,128],"trained":[28],"using":[29],"huge":[30],"volumes":[31],"of":[32,81,159,183],"manually":[33],"labeled":[34],"training":[35,54],"data.":[36],"To":[37,84],"alleviate":[38],"this":[39],"labor-consuming":[40],"problem,":[41],"synthetic":[42,73],"data":[43,76,133],"produced":[44],"with":[45,86,117,147],"TrueType":[46],"fonts":[47],"been":[49,154],"often":[50],"used":[51],"loop":[55],"gain":[57],"volume":[58],"augment":[60],"style":[63,70],"variability.":[64],"there":[66],"is":[67,99,110],"a":[68,91],"significant":[69],"bias":[71],"real":[75],"which":[77,98],"hinders":[78],"improvement":[80],"recognition":[82],"performance.":[83,168],"deal":[85],"limitations,":[88],"we":[89],"propose":[90],"generative":[92],"method":[93,109,125],"for":[94],"handwritten":[95,142],"text-line":[96,115,138],"images,":[97],"conditioned":[100],"on":[101,156],"both":[102],"visual":[103],"appearance":[104],"textual":[106,149],"content.":[107,150],"Our":[108],"able":[111],"produce":[113,145],"long":[114],"samples":[116,162],"diverse":[118],"styles.":[120],"Once":[121],"properly":[122],"trained,":[123],"our":[124],"can":[126],"also":[127],"adapted":[129],"new":[131],"target":[132],"by":[134],"only":[135],"accessing":[136],"unlabeled":[137],"images":[139,146],"mimic":[141],"styles":[143],"any":[148],"Extensive":[151],"experiments":[152],"have":[153],"done":[155],"making":[157],"use":[158],"generated":[161],"boost":[164],"Both":[169],"qualitative":[170],"quantitative":[172],"results":[173],"demonstrate":[174],"that":[175],"proposed":[177],"approach":[178],"outperforms":[179],"current":[181],"state":[182],"art.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}