{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200729277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3114196","title":"Progressive Tandem Learning for Pattern Recognition With Deep Spiking Neural Networks","display_name":"Progressive Tandem Learning for Pattern Recognition With Deep Spiking Neural Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200729277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3114196","mag":"3200729277","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34546918"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3114196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3114196","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/34/9910240/09543525.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/34/9910240/09543525.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018341980","display_name":"Jibin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-4188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jibin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-4188","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103210439","display_name":"Chenglin Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1584-6282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenglin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering and Temasek Laboratories @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering and Temasek Laboratories @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103038885","display_name":"Xiao Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6428-8862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100554498","display_name":"Daquan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4771-1796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daquan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031886937","display_name":"Malu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2345-0974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2345-0974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032690182","display_name":"Haizhou Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-9401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haizhou Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-9401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025285243","display_name":"Kay Chen Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6802-2463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kay Chen Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6802-2463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.984,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":127,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98005129,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"11","first_page":"7824","last_page":"7840"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.8447745442390442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8248629570007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6305873990058899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6171974539756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.543675422668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.4303407073020935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42329925298690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42292889952659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.41425517201423645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.8447745442390442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8248629570007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6305873990058899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6171974539756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.543675422668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.4303407073020935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42329925298690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42292889952659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.41425517201423645}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3114196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3114196","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/34/9910240/09543525.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34546918","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34546918","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/218917","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/218917","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052290","display_name":"National University of Singapore","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3114196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3114196","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/34/9910240/09543525.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G250245310","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"A1687b0033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320696","funder_display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2509497248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"I2001E0053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320698","funder_display_name":"National University of Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3604017216","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M680148","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320696","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320698","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200729277.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200729277.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1552314771","https://openalex.org/W1645800954","https://openalex.org/W1663984431","https://openalex.org/W1673584506","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1963689209","https://openalex.org/W2020676607","https://openalex.org/W2069143585","https://openalex.org/W2082183045","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2144404214","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2211598849","https://openalex.org/W2221409856","https://openalex.org/W2319920447","https://openalex.org/W2519091744","https://openalex.org/W2549653513","https://openalex.org/W2563356726","https://openalex.org/W2594607416","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2620474507","https://openalex.org/W2621826044","https://openalex.org/W2752796333","https://openalex.org/W2759071281","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2775079417","https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2786930404","https://openalex.org/W2889418727","https://openalex.org/W2892077605","https://openalex.org/W2898323475","https://openalex.org/W2920832517","https://openalex.org/W2949159496","https://openalex.org/W2952218014","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2964058413","https://openalex.org/W2964338223","https://openalex.org/W2966081953","https://openalex.org/W2966513546","https://openalex.org/W2973054998","https://openalex.org/W2984844508","https://openalex.org/W2990793844","https://openalex.org/W3005486893","https://openalex.org/W3007283957","https://openalex.org/W3016361963","https://openalex.org/W3023721287","https://openalex.org/W3098917398","https://openalex.org/W3099330747","https://openalex.org/W3102087395","https://openalex.org/W3103434036","https://openalex.org/W3186962187","https://openalex.org/W3208650852","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638523607","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6677580257","https://openalex.org/W6700264148","https://openalex.org/W6729407136","https://openalex.org/W6738145326","https://openalex.org/W6749922295","https://openalex.org/W6754595668","https://openalex.org/W6760625207","https://openalex.org/W6771742384","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6790089871","https://openalex.org/W6890361730"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3126544799","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W3104333581","https://openalex.org/W2542565870","https://openalex.org/W3111828357","https://openalex.org/W3018398156","https://openalex.org/W2055243143","https://openalex.org/W2920832517","https://openalex.org/W3048601286","https://openalex.org/W2965925734"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spiking":[0],"neural":[1,11],"networks":[2,12],"(SNNs)":[3],"have":[4,156],"shown":[5],"clear":[6],"advantages":[7],"over":[8],"traditional":[9],"artificial":[10],"(ANNs)":[13],"for":[14,51,102,200],"low":[15],"latency":[16],"and":[17,26,47,53,71,143,160,169,184,203],"high":[18],"computational":[19],"efficiency,":[20],"due":[21],"to":[22,60,92,124,146],"their":[23],"event-driven":[24],"nature":[25],"sparse":[27],"communication.":[28],"However,":[29],"the":[30,67,74,94,103,108,126],"training":[31,122],"of":[32,89,97,179,198],"deep":[33],"SNNs":[34,72,153],"is":[35,58,83],"not":[36],"straightforward.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39],"paper,":[40],"we":[41,112],"propose":[42],"a":[43,78,115,196,207],"novel":[44],"ANN-to-SNN":[45],"conversion":[46,81],"layer-wise":[48,116],"learning":[49,117,132],"framework":[50,133],"rapid":[52],"efficient":[54],"pattern":[55],"recognition,":[56,166],"which":[57],"referred":[59],"as":[61,139],"progressive":[62,130],"tandem":[63,131],"learning.":[64],"By":[65],"studying":[66],"equivalence":[68],"between":[69],"ANNs":[70],"in":[73],"discrete":[75],"representation":[76],"space,":[77],"primitive":[79,109],"network":[80,110,127],"method":[82,118],"introduced":[84],"that":[85],"takes":[86],"full":[87],"advantage":[88],"spike":[90],"count":[91],"approximate":[93],"activation":[95],"value":[96],"ANN":[98],"neurons.":[99],"To":[100],"compensate":[101],"approximation":[104],"errors":[105],"arising":[106],"from":[107],"conversion,":[111],"further":[113],"introduce":[114],"with":[119,206],"an":[120,177],"adaptive":[121],"scheduler":[123],"fine-tune":[125],"weights.":[128],"The":[129,152],"also":[134],"allows":[135],"hardware":[136],"constraints,":[137],"such":[138],"limited":[140,208],"weight":[141],"precision":[142],"fan-in":[144],"connections,":[145],"be":[147],"progressively":[148],"imposed":[149],"during":[150],"training.":[151],"thus":[154],"trained":[155],"demonstrated":[157],"remarkable":[158],"classification":[159],"regression":[161],"capabilities":[162],"on":[163],"large-scale":[164],"object":[165],"image":[167],"reconstruction,":[168],"speech":[170],"separation":[171],"tasks,":[172],"while":[173],"requiring":[174],"at":[175],"least":[176],"order":[178],"magnitude":[180],"reduced":[181],"inference":[182],"time":[183],"synaptic":[185],"operations":[186],"than":[187],"other":[188],"state-of-the-art":[189],"SNN":[190],"implementations.":[191],"It,":[192],"therefore,":[193],"opens":[194],"up":[195],"myriad":[197],"opportunities":[199],"pervasive":[201],"mobile":[202],"embedded":[204],"devices":[205],"power":[209],"budget.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-17T09:13:05.818461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}