{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3199792160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3112932","title":"T-BFA: <u>T</u>argeted <u>B</u>it-<u>F</u>lip Adversarial Weight <u>A</u>ttack","display_name":"T-BFA: <u>T</u>argeted <u>B</u>it-<u>F</u>lip Adversarial Weight <u>A</u>ttack","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3199792160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3112932","mag":"3199792160","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34529561"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3112932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3112932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030138469","display_name":"Adnan Siraj Rakin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6056-2625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Siraj Rakin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6056-2625","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036755436","display_name":"Zhezhi He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6357-236X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhezhi He","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100671149","display_name":"Jingtao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4250-869X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingtao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4250-869X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033685295","display_name":"Fan Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0360-5641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECE, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0360-5641","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025336372","display_name":"Chaitali Chakrabarti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9859-7778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaitali Chakrabarti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9859-7778","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047916979","display_name":"Deliang Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7989-6297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deliang Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7989-6297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7577,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95732627,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"11","first_page":"7928","last_page":"7939"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.7103683948516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.6029050350189209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5869746804237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5686534643173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5505884885787964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4253040552139282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42218029499053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3541313409805298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3501535654067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.3391183018684387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30951225757598877}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7103683948516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6029050350189209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5869746804237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5686534643173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5505884885787964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4253040552139282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42218029499053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3541313409805298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3501535654067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.3391183018684387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30951225757598877}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3112932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3112932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34529561","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34529561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2774438347","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019536","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5024549564","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019548","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6317478443","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1931871","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2035736061","https://openalex.org/W2108857396","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2242818861","https://openalex.org/W2250660307","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2746600820","https://openalex.org/W2753783305","https://openalex.org/W2942091739","https://openalex.org/W2962726564","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2963946985","https://openalex.org/W2974891422","https://openalex.org/W2981860227","https://openalex.org/W2988742732","https://openalex.org/W3007096683","https://openalex.org/W3008983606","https://openalex.org/W3034579202","https://openalex.org/W3034665124","https://openalex.org/W3106412272","https://openalex.org/W3114482311","https://openalex.org/W4242053016","https://openalex.org/W4245276998","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6690026940","https://openalex.org/W6723169266","https://openalex.org/W6739868092","https://openalex.org/W6751922297","https://openalex.org/W6753937820","https://openalex.org/W6762287546","https://openalex.org/W6763559720","https://openalex.org/W6766714570","https://openalex.org/W6775611046","https://openalex.org/W6784426856"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279","https://openalex.org/W4288019534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"Deep":[1],"Neural":[2],"Network":[3],"(DNN)":[4],"security":[5],"is":[6,118,146],"mostly":[7],"related":[8],"to":[9,30,54,111],"the":[10,37,56,94,122,176],"well-known":[11],"adversarial":[12,19,40,100],"input":[13],"example":[14],"attack.Recently,":[15],"another":[16],"dimension":[17],"of":[18,49,62,84,131,164,169],"attack,":[20],"namely,":[21],"attack":[22,102,186],"on":[23,65,103,149],"DNN":[24,58,151],"weight":[25,41,52,85,101,123,138,167],"parameters,":[26],"has":[27],"been":[28],"shown":[29],"be":[31],"very":[32,81],"powerful.":[33],"Asa":[34],"representative":[35],"one,":[36],"Bit-Flip":[38],"based":[39,98],"Attack":[42],"(BFA)":[43],"injects":[44],"an":[45],"extremely":[46],"small":[47,82],"amount":[48],"faults":[50],"into":[51,73,181],"parameters":[53],"hijack":[55],"executing":[57],"function.":[59],"Prior":[60],"works":[61],"BFA":[63],"focus":[64],"un-targeted":[66],"attacks":[67],"that":[68,125],"can":[69,106,173],"hack":[70],"all":[71,175],"inputs":[72,110],"a":[74,80,112,132,136],"random":[75],"output":[76,114,134],"class":[77,180,183],"by":[78,120,159],"flipping":[79,161],"number":[83],"bits":[86,124,168],"stored":[87],"in":[88,189],"computer":[89],"memory.":[90],"This":[91],"paper":[92],"proposes":[93],"first":[95],"work":[96],"oftargetedBFA":[97],"(T-BFA)":[99],"DNNs,":[104],"which":[105],"intentionally":[107],"mislead":[108],"selected":[109],"target":[113],"class.":[115],"The":[116],"objective":[117],"achieved":[119],"identifying":[121],"are":[126],"highly":[127],"associated":[128],"with":[129],"classification":[130,155],"targeted":[133],"through":[135],"class-dependent":[137],"bit":[139],"searching":[140],"algorithm.":[141],"Our":[142],"proposed":[143],"T-BFA":[144,172],"performance":[145],"successfully":[147],"demonstrated":[148],"multiple":[150],"architectures":[152],"for":[153],"image":[154],"tasks.":[156],"For":[157],"example,":[158],"merely":[160],"27":[162],"out":[163],"88":[165],"million":[166],"ResNet-18,":[170],"our":[171],"misclassify":[174],"images":[177],"from":[178],"Hen":[179],"Goose":[182],"(i.e.,":[184],"100%":[185],"success":[187],"rate)":[188],"ImageNet":[190],"dataset,":[191],"while":[192],"maintaining":[193],"59.35%":[194],"validation":[195],"accuracy.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2021-09-27T00:00:00"}