{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3199032418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3111116","title":"SOLO: A Simple Framework for Instance Segmentation","display_name":"SOLO: A Simple Framework for Instance Segmentation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3199032418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3111116","mag":"3199032418","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34516372"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3111116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3111116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100653846","display_name":"Xinlong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8137-1692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinlong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, 1066 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, (e-mail: wangxinlon@gmail.com)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, 1066 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, (e-mail: wangxinlon@gmail.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101554884","display_name":"Rufeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5984-728X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rufeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 12476 Shanghai, Shanghai, China, 200092 (e-mail: cxrfzhang@tongji.edu.cn)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 12476 Shanghai, Shanghai, China, 200092 (e-mail: cxrfzhang@tongji.edu.cn)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006294869","display_name":"Chunhua Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8648-8718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunhua Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5005 (e-mail: chhshen@gmail.com)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5005 (e-mail: chhshen@gmail.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065667064","display_name":"Tao Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9412-1457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Tsinghua University, 12442 Beijing, Beijing, China, (e-mail: taokongcn@gmail.com)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Tsinghua University, 12442 Beijing, Beijing, China, (e-mail: taokongcn@gmail.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100440407","display_name":"Lei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3095-9776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801787653","display_name":"Beijing Dance Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02g3wgj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801787653"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Lab, ByteDance, Beijing, Beijing, China, (e-mail: lileilab@bytedance.com)","[AI Lab, ByteDance, Beijing, Beijing, China, (e-mail: lileilab@bytedance.com)]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Lab, ByteDance, Beijing, Beijing, China, (e-mail: lileilab@bytedance.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801787653"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[AI Lab, ByteDance, Beijing, Beijing, China, (e-mail: lileilab@bytedance.com)]","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100653846"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.2358,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":125,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98358291,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"11","first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6749229431152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6538026332855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.548697829246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5421335697174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5215199589729309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.45572179555892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41008269786834717}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6749229431152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6538026332855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.548697829246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5421335697174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5215199589729309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.45572179555892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41008269786834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3111116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3111116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34516372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34516372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2035773017","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2504335775","https://openalex.org/W2555182955","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2604469346","https://openalex.org/W2749895778","https://openalex.org/W2777795072","https://openalex.org/W2884131745","https://openalex.org/W2891201469","https://openalex.org/W2910628332","https://openalex.org/W2920326761","https://openalex.org/W2934198733","https://openalex.org/W2948672349","https://openalex.org/W2948770160","https://openalex.org/W2955340181","https://openalex.org/W2962677013","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963393688","https://openalex.org/W2963769056","https://openalex.org/W2963786238","https://openalex.org/W2963849369","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2963870605","https://openalex.org/W2963927307","https://openalex.org/W2964080601","https://openalex.org/W2964121718","https://openalex.org/W2964236837","https://openalex.org/W2965182628","https://openalex.org/W2981537222","https://openalex.org/W2982161360","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2985469567","https://openalex.org/W2986357608","https://openalex.org/W2991405684","https://openalex.org/W2993182889","https://openalex.org/W2999219213","https://openalex.org/W3034355852","https://openalex.org/W3034428102","https://openalex.org/W3034549805","https://openalex.org/W3034681942","https://openalex.org/W3034826836","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3035010169","https://openalex.org/W3106546328","https://openalex.org/W3113410735","https://openalex.org/W4250482878","https://openalex.org/W6618372016","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6622964371","https://openalex.org/W6716109767","https://openalex.org/W6730410022","https://openalex.org/W6753441378","https://openalex.org/W6771497439","https://openalex.org/W6775059118"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585007175","https://openalex.org/W2382521049","https://openalex.org/W2144385241","https://openalex.org/W2165950148","https://openalex.org/W4253593777","https://openalex.org/W2951497643","https://openalex.org/W4300101996","https://openalex.org/W3101625811","https://openalex.org/W2338854850","https://openalex.org/W1522196789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Compared":[0],"to":[1,27,80,87,138,212],"many":[2],"other":[3],"dense":[4],"prediction":[5],"tasks,":[6],"e.g.,":[7],"semantic":[8],"segmentation,":[9,183],"it":[10,211],"is":[11,219],"the":[12,38,60,72,88,127,139,147,150,154,178,202],"arbitrary":[13],"number":[14],"of":[15,62,74,168,207],"instances":[16],"that":[17],"has":[18],"made":[19],"instance":[20,63,85,108,144,164,182],"segmentation":[21,64,109,165,206],"much":[22],"more":[23],"challenging.":[24],"In":[25,55],"order":[26],"predict":[28,45],"a":[29,66,101,115,134],"mask":[30,194],"for":[31,107,149,163],"each":[32,81],"instance,":[33],"mainstream":[34],"approaches":[35],"either":[36],"follow":[37],"\"detect-then-segment\"":[39],"strategy":[40],"(e.g.,":[41,119],"Mask":[42],"R-CNN),":[43],"or":[44,153],"embedding":[46],"vectors":[47],"first":[48],"then":[49],"cluster":[50],"pixels":[51],"into":[52],"individual":[53],"instances.":[54],"this":[56,92],"paper,":[57],"we":[58,94],"view":[59],"task":[61],"from":[65],"completely":[67],"new":[68],"perspective":[69],"by":[70,98,209],"introducing":[71],"notion":[73],"\"instance":[75],"categories\",":[76],"which":[77],"assigns":[78],"categories":[79,142],"pixel":[82],"within":[83],"an":[84],"according":[86],"instance's":[89],"location.":[90],"With":[91],"notion,":[93],"propose":[95],"segmenting":[96],"objects":[97],"locations":[99],"(SOLO),":[100],"simple,":[102],"direct,":[103],"and":[104,143,171,196,204],"fast":[105],"framework":[106],"with":[110],"strong":[111],"performance.":[112],"We":[113,199],"derive":[114],"few":[116],"SOLO":[117,208],"variants":[118],"Vanilla":[120],"SOLO,":[121,123],"Decoupled":[122],"Dynamic":[124],"SOLO)":[125],"following":[126],"basic":[128],"principle.":[129],"Our":[130,158],"method":[131,185],"directly":[132],"maps":[133],"raw":[135],"input":[136],"image":[137,216],"desired":[140],"object":[141,190],"masks,":[145],"eliminating":[146],"need":[148],"grouping":[151],"post-processing":[152],"bounding":[155],"box":[156],"detection.":[157],"approach":[159],"achieves":[160],"state-of-the-art":[161,187],"results":[162,188],"in":[166,189],"terms":[167],"both":[169],"speed":[170],"accuracy,":[172],"while":[173],"being":[174],"considerably":[175],"simpler":[176],"than":[177],"existing":[179],"methods.":[180],"Besides":[181],"our":[184,193],"yields":[186],"detection":[191],"(from":[192],"byproduct)":[195],"panoptic":[197],"segmentation.":[198],"further":[200],"demonstrate":[201],"flexibility":[203],"high-quality":[205],"extending":[210],"perform":[213],"one-stage":[214],"instance-level":[215],"matting.":[217],"Code":[218],"available":[220],"at:":[221],"https://git.io/AdelaiDet.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T08:17:26.163206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
