{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3183985701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3097891","title":"A Generalized Framework for Edge-Preserving and Structure-Preserving Image Smoothing","display_name":"A Generalized Framework for Edge-Preserving and Structure-Preserving Image Smoothing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3183985701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3097891","mag":"3183985701","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34280090"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3097891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3097891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100763568","display_name":"Wei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6351-9019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100451855","display_name":"Pingping Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1206-1444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pingping Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102831936","display_name":"Yinjie Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6856-3342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinjie Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026169938","display_name":"Xiaolin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4285-6520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Image Processing and Pattrn Recognition &#x0026; Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Image Processing and Pattrn Recognition &#x0026; Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404947","display_name":"Jie Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-7162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Image Processing and Pattrn Recognition &#x0026; Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Image Processing and Pattrn Recognition &#x0026; Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010561682","display_name":"Michael K. Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6833-5227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100763568"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9169,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":111,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97839869,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"10","first_page":"6631","last_page":"6648"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.9398741722106934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.664303183555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5768832564353943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.515801191329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5155203342437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5094013810157776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4956294298171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.47314465045928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.46014225482940674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.42827123403549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4127293825149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-restoration","display_name":"Image restoration","score":0.4108507037162781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.34601324796676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33967894315719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.2973954379558563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.22440698742866516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22413486242294312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.09691029787063599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.08247023820877075}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.9398741722106934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.664303183555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5768832564353943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.515801191329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5155203342437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5094013810157776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4956294298171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.47314465045928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.46014225482940674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.42827123403549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4127293825149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106430172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002272","display_name":"Image restoration","level":4,"score":0.4108507037162781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34601324796676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33967894315719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2973954379558563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.22440698742866516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22413486242294312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.09691029787063599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.08247023820877075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3097891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3097891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34280090","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34280090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1241846137","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DUT20RC(3)083","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528144695","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1976478698","https://openalex.org/W1978333359","https://openalex.org/W1994184495","https://openalex.org/W1996726072","https://openalex.org/W1998999283","https://openalex.org/W2001002651","https://openalex.org/W2015207482","https://openalex.org/W2018377917","https://openalex.org/W2030507150","https://openalex.org/W2033603511","https://openalex.org/W2040378863","https://openalex.org/W2046033161","https://openalex.org/W2050551672","https://openalex.org/W2057203222","https://openalex.org/W2058749767","https://openalex.org/W2061052400","https://openalex.org/W2070694296","https://openalex.org/W2078718577","https://openalex.org/W2089666843","https://openalex.org/W2096768337","https://openalex.org/W2099244020","https://openalex.org/W2099712288","https://openalex.org/W2103559027","https://openalex.org/W2104620097","https://openalex.org/W2109075629","https://openalex.org/W2123597619","https://openalex.org/W2125188192","https://openalex.org/W2150134853","https://openalex.org/W2153388956","https://openalex.org/W2160451035","https://openalex.org/W2165154777","https://openalex.org/W2199472553","https://openalex.org/W2209692720","https://openalex.org/W2216437871","https://openalex.org/W2231495490","https://openalex.org/W2254462240","https://openalex.org/W2291143146","https://openalex.org/W2518792500","https://openalex.org/W2519373937","https://openalex.org/W2521490062","https://openalex.org/W2735974062","https://openalex.org/W2741192765","https://openalex.org/W2757057438","https://openalex.org/W2780930362","https://openalex.org/W2884569173","https://openalex.org/W2886692902","https://openalex.org/W2889502652","https://openalex.org/W2902747464","https://openalex.org/W2946103236","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963422396","https://openalex.org/W2963452532","https://openalex.org/W2963840672","https://openalex.org/W2963980268","https://openalex.org/W2964013315","https://openalex.org/W2998437311","https://openalex.org/W2998514558","https://openalex.org/W3035133372","https://openalex.org/W3097918420","https://openalex.org/W3101690711","https://openalex.org/W3125028070","https://openalex.org/W3138446083","https://openalex.org/W4231601150","https://openalex.org/W4241716071","https://openalex.org/W4247811648","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4255455561","https://openalex.org/W6639138679","https://openalex.org/W6680293426","https://openalex.org/W6696085341","https://openalex.org/W6754653113"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978572805","https://openalex.org/W2383807498","https://openalex.org/W1997992934","https://openalex.org/W1987225439","https://openalex.org/W4238188170","https://openalex.org/W2125114371","https://openalex.org/W2019977573","https://openalex.org/W2149980199","https://openalex.org/W3125766170","https://openalex.org/W2040641410"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Image":[0],"smoothing":[1,16,30,34,94,98,109],"is":[2,36,71,89,122,155,160,167,176],"a":[3,135,205],"fundamental":[4],"procedure":[5],"in":[6,125,146,204],"applications":[7,138],"of":[8,32,46,134,137,184,196,207],"both":[9],"computer":[10],"vision":[11],"and":[12,39,119,139,157,169,193],"graphics.":[13],"The":[14,191],"required":[15],"properties":[17],"can":[18,100,105,112],"be":[19,102,114],"different":[20,25,47,65],"or":[21],"even":[22,101,163],"contradictive":[23,97],"among":[24],"tasks.":[26,148],"Nevertheless,":[27],"the":[28,43,55,75,108,143,164,181],"inherent":[29],"nature":[31],"one":[33],"operator":[35],"usually":[37],"fixed":[38],"thus":[40,123],"cannot":[41],"meet":[42],"various":[44],"requirements":[45],"applications.":[48,208],"In":[49,149],"this":[50],"paper,":[51],"we":[52],"first":[53],"introduce":[54],"truncated":[56,77],"Huber":[57,78],"penalty":[58,79],"function":[59],"which":[60],"shows":[61],"strong":[62,85],"flexibility":[63],"under":[64],"parameter":[66],"settings.":[67],"A":[68,171],"generalized":[69],"framework":[70,88,132,166],"then":[72],"proposed":[73,178],"with":[74,83],"introduced":[76],"function.":[80],"When":[81],"combined":[82],"its":[84,158,189],"flexibility,":[86],"our":[87,131,185,197],"able":[90,140],"to":[91,141,179],"achieve":[92],"diverse":[93],"natures":[95],"where":[96],"behaviors":[99],"achieved.":[103],"It":[104],"also":[106],"yield":[107],"behavior":[110],"that":[111],"seldom":[113],"achieved":[115,124],"by":[116],"previous":[117],"methods,":[118],"superior":[120,194],"performance":[121,195],"challenging":[126],"cases.":[127],"These":[128],"together":[129],"enable":[130],"capable":[133],"range":[136,206],"outperform":[142],"state-of-the-art":[144],"approaches":[145],"several":[147],"addition,":[150],"an":[151],"efficient":[152],"numerical":[153],"solution":[154],"provided":[156],"convergence":[159],"theoretically":[161],"guaranteed":[162],"optimization":[165],"non-convex":[168],"non-smooth.":[170],"simple":[172],"yet":[173],"effective":[174],"approach":[175,198],"further":[177],"reduce":[180],"computational":[182],"cost":[183],"method":[186],"while":[187],"maintaining":[188],"performance.":[190],"effectiveness":[192],"are":[199],"validated":[200],"through":[201],"comprehensive":[202],"experiments":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
