{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174133171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3091167","title":"Meta-Teacher For Face Anti-Spoofing","display_name":"Meta-Teacher For Face Anti-Spoofing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174133171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3091167","mag":"3174133171","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34156938"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3091167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3091167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011611330","display_name":"Yunxiao Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3209-020X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunxiao Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neuroscience and Intelligent Media Institute (NIMI), Communication University of China, Beijing, China","Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuroscience and Intelligent Media Institute (NIMI), Communication University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062522283","display_name":"Zitong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-3304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zitong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005834594","display_name":"Longbin Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longbin Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026407712","display_name":"Zezheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4065-0820"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zezheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Kwai Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Kwai Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101463817","display_name":"Chenxu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4044-5701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726980","display_name":"Mininglamp (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04tb90x61","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726980"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["MiningLamp Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MiningLamp Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726980"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109299788","display_name":"Zhen Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0791-189X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition (NLPR), Center for Biometrics and Security Research (CBSR), Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA), Beijing, China","Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong","School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition (NLPR), Center for Biometrics and Security Research (CBSR), Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011611330"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004","https://openalex.org/I75689368"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.9538,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9903023,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"10","first_page":"6311","last_page":"6326"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9732000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9556999802589417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6531065702438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6332138180732727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6008273363113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5237748026847839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4873288571834564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39037778973579407}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6531065702438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6332138180732727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6008273363113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5237748026847839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4873288571834564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39037778973579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3091167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3091167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34156938","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34156938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:oulu.fi:nbnfi-fe2022100661277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2022100661277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400284","display_name":"University of Oulu Repository (University of Oulu)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","host_organization_name":"University of Oulu","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4404956584","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61976229","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4879398371","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61876178","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509966554","https://openalex.org/W1704933117","https://openalex.org/W1770095230","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W1982209341","https://openalex.org/W1992305526","https://openalex.org/W2003092530","https://openalex.org/W2063661788","https://openalex.org/W2090411045","https://openalex.org/W2095252718","https://openalex.org/W2107227001","https://openalex.org/W2118392996","https://openalex.org/W2124659975","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2174309130","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2294370754","https://openalex.org/W2341318667","https://openalex.org/W2409050142","https://openalex.org/W2418633638","https://openalex.org/W2522438482","https://openalex.org/W2551249768","https://openalex.org/W2578178601","https://openalex.org/W2604763608","https://openalex.org/W2608997542","https://openalex.org/W2617869948","https://openalex.org/W2728977829","https://openalex.org/W2742093937","https://openalex.org/W2776778982","https://openalex.org/W2785945350","https://openalex.org/W2787613668","https://openalex.org/W2798658180","https://openalex.org/W2885013511","https://openalex.org/W2949978251","https://openalex.org/W2952476201","https://openalex.org/W2956066883","https://openalex.org/W2963656031","https://openalex.org/W2963671154","https://openalex.org/W2964003763","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2978680233","https://openalex.org/W2981819252","https://openalex.org/W2990068819","https://openalex.org/W2992296732","https://openalex.org/W2996970889","https://openalex.org/W2997006708","https://openalex.org/W2998163473","https://openalex.org/W2998570087","https://openalex.org/W3004127093","https://openalex.org/W3005973417","https://openalex.org/W3015470780","https://openalex.org/W3034594921","https://openalex.org/W3035263140","https://openalex.org/W3035436173","https://openalex.org/W3035459165","https://openalex.org/W3036080349","https://openalex.org/W3042532441","https://openalex.org/W3084363776","https://openalex.org/W3086519949","https://openalex.org/W3094861582","https://openalex.org/W3096314170","https://openalex.org/W3096672325","https://openalex.org/W3097803103","https://openalex.org/W3103617265","https://openalex.org/W3108722472","https://openalex.org/W3109432287","https://openalex.org/W3116054336","https://openalex.org/W3138196357","https://openalex.org/W3139414251","https://openalex.org/W4241948780","https://openalex.org/W4250622092","https://openalex.org/W6630649318","https://openalex.org/W6637339757","https://openalex.org/W6637551013","https://openalex.org/W6638523607","https://openalex.org/W6679909955","https://openalex.org/W6684314024","https://openalex.org/W6736057607","https://openalex.org/W6742288159","https://openalex.org/W6743188669","https://openalex.org/W6751751081","https://openalex.org/W6752515464"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"anti-spoofing":[1],"(FAS)":[2],"secures":[3],"face":[4],"recognition":[5],"from":[6,136],"presentation":[7],"attacks":[8],"(PAs).":[9],"Existing":[10],"FAS":[11,54,167],"methods":[12],"usually":[13],"supervise":[14,34,81],"PA":[15,35,63,83,197],"detectors":[16,36,64,84],"with":[17,171],"handcrafted":[18,24,47,184],"binary":[19],"or":[20],"pixel-wise":[21],"labels.":[22],"However,":[23],"labels":[25,185],"may":[26],"are":[27,155],"not":[28],"the":[29,46,78,82,102,105,110,120,128,141,149,172,175,194],"most":[30],"adequate":[31],"way":[32],"to":[33,57,76,80],"learning":[37,85,107],"sufficient":[38],"and":[39,113,186,190],"intrinsic":[40],"spoofing":[41,87],"cues.":[42,88],"Instead":[43],"of":[44,196],"using":[45],"labels,":[48],"we":[49],"propose":[50],"a":[51,59,72,97,115],"novel":[52],"Meta-Teacher":[53],"(MT-FAS)":[55],"method":[56],"train":[58],"meta-teacher":[60,68,103,133,142,177],"for":[61,146,157],"supervising":[62],"more":[65],"effectively.":[66],"The":[67,89],"is":[69,124,143],"trained":[70,145,156,176],"in":[71,100,118],"bi-level":[73,90],"optimization":[74,91],"manner":[75],"learn":[77],"ability":[79],"rich":[86],"contains":[92],"two":[93],"key":[94],"components:":[95],"1)":[96,178],"lower-level":[98],"training":[99,111,117],"which":[101,119],"supervises":[104],"detector's":[106,129],"process":[108],"on":[109,165],"set;":[112],"2)":[114,191],"higher-level":[116],"meta-teacher's":[121],"teaching":[122,148,161],"performance":[123],"optimized":[125],"by":[126],"minimizing":[127],"validation":[130],"loss.":[131],"Our":[132],"differs":[134],"significantly":[135,192],"existing":[137,153,187],"teacher-student":[138,188],"models":[139],"because":[140],"explicitly":[144],"better":[147],"detector":[150],"(student),":[151],"whereas":[152],"teachers":[154],"outstanding":[158],"accuracy":[159],"neglecting":[160],"ability.":[162],"Extensive":[163],"experiments":[164],"five":[166],"benchmarks":[168],"show":[169],"that":[170],"proposed":[173],"MT-FAS,":[174],"provides":[179],"better-suited":[180],"supervision":[181],"than":[182],"both":[183],"models;":[189],"improves":[193],"performances":[195],"detectors.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}