{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3120031785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3050494","title":"Learning to Match Anchors for Visual Object Detection","display_name":"Learning to Match Anchors for Visual Object Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3120031785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3050494","mag":"3120031785","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33434120"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3050494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3050494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100780272","display_name":"Xiaosong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2297-161X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202334528","display_name":"Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdzh226","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaosong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2297-161X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052317536","display_name":"Fang Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8083-9257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8083-9257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100633842","display_name":"Chang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6747-0646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202334528","display_name":"Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdzh226","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6747-0646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024401174","display_name":"Xiangyang Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7333-9975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyang Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7333-9975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015317495","display_name":"Qixiang Ye","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202334528","display_name":"Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdzh226","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qixiang Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1215-6259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202334528"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.2633,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":189,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99402281,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"6","first_page":"3096","last_page":"3109"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8191978931427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.7133366465568542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.7042235136032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.6674819588661194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6451120376586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.6402262449264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6088193655014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5917428135871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5372832417488098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.49612030386924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44143548607826233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3840976059436798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37109124660491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11473995447158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.08553948998451233}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8191978931427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.7133366465568542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.7042235136032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.6674819588661194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6451120376586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6402262449264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6088193655014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5917428135871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5372832417488098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49612030386924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44143548607826233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3840976059436798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37109124660491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11473995447158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.08553948998451233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3050494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2021.3050494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33434120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33434120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1295000622","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61836012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1449094659","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61620106005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G262599272","display_name":"\u9ad8\u6e05\u6670\u5ea6\u822a\u62cd\u4e0e\u9065\u611f\u5f71\u50cf\u76ee\u6807\u9c81\u68d2\u6027\u68c0\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61771447","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2084840427","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2579985080","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2605982830","https://openalex.org/W2798542761","https://openalex.org/W2886904239","https://openalex.org/W2891004411","https://openalex.org/W2914438239","https://openalex.org/W2962721361","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963179609","https://openalex.org/W2963299996","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963786238","https://openalex.org/W2963927307","https://openalex.org/W2963952323","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2964444661","https://openalex.org/W2971900262","https://openalex.org/W2981958729","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2986357608","https://openalex.org/W2988452521","https://openalex.org/W2988916019","https://openalex.org/W3011722050","https://openalex.org/W3012573144","https://openalex.org/W4250482878","https://openalex.org/W4301861531","https://openalex.org/W4320002812","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6683033130","https://openalex.org/W6732243160","https://openalex.org/W6750697433","https://openalex.org/W6752745451","https://openalex.org/W6754507053","https://openalex.org/W6761131481","https://openalex.org/W6767109091","https://openalex.org/W6767892146"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348909947","https://openalex.org/W4292672442","https://openalex.org/W2362101859","https://openalex.org/W2791431590","https://openalex.org/W1978900583","https://openalex.org/W2350688482","https://openalex.org/W2053575972","https://openalex.org/W4323256314","https://openalex.org/W4322616263","https://openalex.org/W2343378350"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"CNN-based":[1],"object":[2,122],"detectors":[3,107,132,136],"assign":[4],"anchors":[5,33],"for":[6,120],"ground-truth":[7],"objects":[8,30,94],"under":[9],"the":[10,52,59,67,79,112,144],"restriction":[11],"of":[12,93,115],"object-anchor":[13],"Intersection-over-Union":[14],"(IoU).":[15],"In":[16],"this":[17],"study,":[18],"we":[19],"propose":[20],"a":[21,35,91],"learning-to-match":[22],"(LTM)":[23],"method":[24],"to":[25,31,43,70,97,108],"break":[26],"IoU":[27],"restriction,":[28],"allowing":[29],"match":[32],"in":[34,51,151],"flexible":[36],"manner.":[37],"LTM":[38,62,102,131,146],"updates":[39],"hand-crafted":[40],"anchor":[41,45,71],"assignment":[42],"\"free\"":[44],"matching":[46,72,80,118],"by":[47,65],"formulating":[48],"detector":[49],"training":[50,60,153],"Maximum":[53],"Likelihood":[54],"Estimation":[55],"(MLE)":[56],"framework.":[57],"During":[58],"phase,":[61],"is":[63,103],"implemented":[64],"converting":[66],"detection":[68],"likelihood":[69],"loss":[73,81],"functions":[74,82],"which":[75,88],"are":[76],"plug-and-play.":[77],"Minimizing":[78],"drives":[83],"learning":[84],"and":[85,100,154],"selecting":[86],"features":[87],"best":[89],"explain":[90],"class":[92],"with":[95,137],"respect":[96],"both":[98,152],"classification":[99],"localization.":[101],"extended":[104],"from":[105],"anchor-based":[106],"anchor-free":[109],"detectors,":[110],"validating":[111],"general":[113],"applicability":[114],"learnable":[116],"object-feature":[117],"mechanism":[119],"visual":[121],"detection.":[123],"Experiments":[124],"on":[125],"MS":[126],"COCO":[127],"dataset":[128],"demonstrate":[129],"that":[130],"consistently":[133],"outperform":[134],"counterpart":[135],"significant":[138],"margins.":[139],"The":[140],"last":[141],"but":[142],"not":[143,160],"least,":[145],"requires":[147],"negligible":[148],"computational":[149],"cost":[150],"inference":[155],"phases":[156],"as":[157],"it":[158],"does":[159],"involve":[161],"any":[162],"additional":[163],"architecture":[164],"or":[165],"parameter.":[166],"Code":[167],"has":[168],"been":[169],"made":[170],"publicly":[171],"available.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":35}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
