{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2939489045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2019.2957373","title":"A Differential Approach for Gaze Estimation","display_name":"A Differential Approach for Gaze Estimation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2939489045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2019.2957373","mag":"2939489045","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31804927"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2019.2957373","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2019.2957373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.09459","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100412443","display_name":"Gang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-0561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7495430","display_name":"Idiap Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05932h694","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-0561","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100417214","display_name":"Yu Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1478-2942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7495430","display_name":"Idiap Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05932h694","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007154123","display_name":"Kenneth Alberto Funes Mora","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7495430","display_name":"Idiap Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05932h694","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth A. Funes Mora","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eyeware Tech SA, Martigny, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eyeware Tech SA, Martigny, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053358969","display_name":"Jean\u2010Marc Odobez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9537-9898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7495430","display_name":"Idiap Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05932h694","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Marc Odobez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7799,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96647781,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"3","first_page":"1092","last_page":"1099"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.9699000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.958299994468689,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8185927867889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.7836019992828369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7730473875999451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5887126922607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.570614755153656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.4707525372505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.469387948513031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.43938860297203064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4281601011753082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39383915066719055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18319258093833923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11953100562095642}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8185927867889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.7836019992828369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7730473875999451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5887126922607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.570614755153656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.4707525372505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.469387948513031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.43938860297203064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4281601011753082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39383915066719055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18319258093833923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11953100562095642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2019.2957373","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2019.2957373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31804927","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31804927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1904.09459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09459","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.09459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:275384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/275384","pdf_url":"http://publications.idiap.ch/downloads/papers/2019/Liu_PAMI_2020.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/275384","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1904.09459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09459","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.09459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1892078565","https://openalex.org/W1955055330","https://openalex.org/W1995694455","https://openalex.org/W2001252859","https://openalex.org/W2011652428","https://openalex.org/W2023058317","https://openalex.org/W2027879843","https://openalex.org/W2042906110","https://openalex.org/W2056257735","https://openalex.org/W2059916030","https://openalex.org/W2077869260","https://openalex.org/W2087862817","https://openalex.org/W2127589108","https://openalex.org/W2136773441","https://openalex.org/W2152575587","https://openalex.org/W2158363907","https://openalex.org/W2167020116","https://openalex.org/W2171590421","https://openalex.org/W2208025249","https://openalex.org/W2219193941","https://openalex.org/W2244783700","https://openalex.org/W2258333130","https://openalex.org/W2272545788","https://openalex.org/W2342755750","https://openalex.org/W2399858921","https://openalex.org/W2468114283","https://openalex.org/W2502225121","https://openalex.org/W2515233991","https://openalex.org/W2519247488","https://openalex.org/W2557669140","https://openalex.org/W2595795946","https://openalex.org/W2608474000","https://openalex.org/W2756166059","https://openalex.org/W2765629358","https://openalex.org/W2778268008","https://openalex.org/W2795718602","https://openalex.org/W2887595520","https://openalex.org/W2902615807","https://openalex.org/W2905491777","https://openalex.org/W2963304222","https://openalex.org/W2963530216","https://openalex.org/W2963670480","https://openalex.org/W2963709863","https://openalex.org/W2963713828","https://openalex.org/W2964105864","https://openalex.org/W2964172519","https://openalex.org/W3091905774","https://openalex.org/W3106262690","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6687866958","https://openalex.org/W6692466239","https://openalex.org/W6724544503","https://openalex.org/W6736454308","https://openalex.org/W6753820623","https://openalex.org/W6756905131","https://openalex.org/W6757361453","https://openalex.org/W6783596713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W3207760378","https://openalex.org/W4386072035","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2393936024","https://openalex.org/W2412267837"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"non-invasive":[1],"gaze":[2,6,57,89,118,205],"estimation":[3],"methods":[4,150,191],"regress":[5],"directions":[7],"directly":[8,80],"from":[9],"a":[10,60,74,82,102,121],"single":[11,147],"face":[12],"or":[13,199],"eye":[14,22,26,93,123,131],"image.":[15],"However,":[16],"due":[17],"to":[18,62,65,87,115,169],"important":[19],"variabilities":[20],"in":[21],"shapes":[23],"and":[24,35],"inner":[25],"structures":[27],"amongst":[28],"individuals,":[29],"universal":[30],"models":[31],"obtain":[32],"limited":[33],"accuracies":[34],"their":[36],"output":[37],"usually":[38,52,145],"exhibit":[39],"high":[40],"variance":[41],"as":[42,44],"well":[43],"subject":[45,61,105,203],"dependent":[46],"biases.":[47],"Thus,":[48],"increasing":[49],"accuracy":[50],"is":[51,127],"done":[53],"through":[54],"calibration,":[55],"allowing":[56,155],"predictions":[58,171],"for":[59],"be":[63,152,165],"mapped":[64],"her":[66],"actual":[67],"gaze.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70],"article,":[71],"we":[72,109],"introduce":[73],"novel":[75,122],"approach,":[76],"which":[77,144,187],"works":[78],"by":[79,129],"training":[81],"differential":[83,161],"convolutional":[84],"neural":[85],"network":[86,162],"predict":[88,116],"differences":[90,114],"between":[91],"two":[92],"input":[94],"images":[95,132],"of":[96,104,120,133],"the":[97,112,117,134,160,174],"same":[98,135],"subject.":[99],"Then,":[100],"given":[101],"set":[103],"specific":[106,204],"calibration":[107,197],"images,":[108],"can":[110,151,164],"use":[111],"inferred":[113],"direction":[119],"sample.":[124],"The":[125],"assumption":[126],"that":[128],"comparing":[130],"user,":[136],"annoyance":[137],"factors":[138],"(alignment,":[139],"eyelid":[140],"closing,":[141],"illumination":[142],"perturbations)":[143],"plague":[146],"image":[148],"prediction":[149,157],"much":[153],"reduced,":[154],"better":[156],"altogether.":[158],"Furthermore,":[159],"itself":[163],"adapted":[166],"via":[167],"finetuning":[168],"make":[170],"consistent":[172],"with":[173],"available":[175],"user":[176],"reference":[177],"pairs.":[178],"Experiments":[179],"on":[180,202],"3":[181],"public":[182],"datasets":[183],"validate":[184],"our":[185],"approach":[186],"constantly":[188],"outperforms":[189],"state-of-the-art":[190],"even":[192],"when":[193],"using":[194],"only":[195],"one":[196],"sample":[198],"those":[200],"relying":[201],"adaptation.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}