{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3092685717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2019.2915233","title":"[Formula: see text]-Patches: A Benchmark and Evaluation of Handcrafted and Learned Local Descriptors.","display_name":"[Formula: see text]-Patches: A Benchmark and Evaluation of Handcrafted and Learned Local Descriptors.","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3092685717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2019.2915233","mag":"3092685717","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31094682"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:31094682","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31094682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046502717","display_name":"Vassileios Balntas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0667-1158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146410","display_name":"Science Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/04j8yhy50","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146410"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vassileios Balntas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146410","https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056875847","display_name":"Karel Lenc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6119-0045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146410","display_name":"Science Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/04j8yhy50","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146410"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karel Lenc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146410","https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060511349","display_name":"Andrea Vedaldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1374-2858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146410","display_name":"Science Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/04j8yhy50","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146410"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Vedaldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146410","https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074816094","display_name":"Tinne Tuytelaars","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3307-9723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tinne Tuytelaars","raw_affiliation_strings":["Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007656938","display_name":"Ji\u0159\u0131\u0301 Matas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0863-4844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiri Matas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Machine Perception, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Machine Perception, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024769212","display_name":"Krystian Mikolajczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0726-9187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krystian Mikolajczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0667,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93133692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"11","first_page":"2825","last_page":"2841"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.8466569781303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8280496001243591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7074717879295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6921138763427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.596983015537262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5387535691261292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.43283605575561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41869041323661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4030454456806183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33387261629104614}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.8466569781303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8280496001243591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7074717879295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6921138763427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.596983015537262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5387535691261292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.43283605575561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41869041323661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4030454456806183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33387261629104614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:31094682","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31094682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2018133609","display_name":"Seebibyte: Visual Search for the Era of Big Data","funder_award_id":"EP/M013774/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2088235307","display_name":"Face Matching for Automatic Identity Retrieval, Recognition, Verification and Management","funder_award_id":"EP/N007743/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2275905126","display_name":"Interactive Perception-Action-Learning for Modelling Objects","funder_award_id":"EP/S032398/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G320955706","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K01904X/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5158887642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"638009-IDIU","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W190584210","https://openalex.org/W1491719799","https://openalex.org/W1496395994","https://openalex.org/W1524680991","https://openalex.org/W1528423721","https://openalex.org/W1532362218","https://openalex.org/W1549945066","https://openalex.org/W1554663460","https://openalex.org/W1596812151","https://openalex.org/W1676552347","https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1689727326","https://openalex.org/W1869500417","https://openalex.org/W1901447884","https://openalex.org/W1906968832","https://openalex.org/W1929856797","https://openalex.org/W1945298332","https://openalex.org/W1955055330","https://openalex.org/W1964339413","https://openalex.org/W1969025954","https://openalex.org/W1976526581","https://openalex.org/W1979931042","https://openalex.org/W1980911747","https://openalex.org/W1984309565","https://openalex.org/W1984757472","https://openalex.org/W1985914060","https://openalex.org/W1991605728","https://openalex.org/W1992159177","https://openalex.org/W1992718421","https://openalex.org/W1995266040","https://openalex.org/W2000356541","https://openalex.org/W2007178811","https://openalex.org/W2030480024","https://openalex.org/W2042316011","https://openalex.org/W2055685931","https://openalex.org/W2066941820","https://openalex.org/W2081852578","https://openalex.org/W2083833836","https://openalex.org/W2089888558","https://openalex.org/W2093418626","https://openalex.org/W2097290407","https://openalex.org/W2100737973","https://openalex.org/W2111308925","https://openalex.org/W2117228865","https://openalex.org/W2120914216","https://openalex.org/W2121725430","https://openalex.org/W2122015342","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2124404372","https://openalex.org/W2129557948","https://openalex.org/W2134514757","https://openalex.org/W2136703000","https://openalex.org/W2141362318","https://openalex.org/W2141584146","https://openalex.org/W2145072179","https://openalex.org/W2146178185","https://openalex.org/W2148349024","https://openalex.org/W2148809531","https://openalex.org/W2149357475","https://openalex.org/W2150782236","https://openalex.org/W2153435240","https://openalex.org/W2155541015","https://openalex.org/W2155714176","https://openalex.org/W2156854610","https://openalex.org/W2160110230","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163096995","https://openalex.org/W2169561155","https://openalex.org/W2170066474","https://openalex.org/W2170282673","https://openalex.org/W2170536761","https://openalex.org/W2171499725","https://openalex.org/W2177274842","https://openalex.org/W2212363941","https://openalex.org/W2263386426","https://openalex.org/W2268446623","https://openalex.org/W2287558205","https://openalex.org/W2320444803","https://openalex.org/W2345643369","https://openalex.org/W2461086877","https://openalex.org/W2470909866","https://openalex.org/W2578212641","https://openalex.org/W2612112834","https://openalex.org/W2613783066","https://openalex.org/W2618039218","https://openalex.org/W2737260104","https://openalex.org/W2749224737","https://openalex.org/W2884354140","https://openalex.org/W2911652069","https://openalex.org/W2913429812","https://openalex.org/W2962735488","https://openalex.org/W2963074118","https://openalex.org/W2963096688","https://openalex.org/W2963157250","https://openalex.org/W2963748588","https://openalex.org/W3043075211","https://openalex.org/W4205398292","https://openalex.org/W4294375521","https://openalex.org/W4388297464"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W2121910908","https://openalex.org/W915438175","https://openalex.org/W4230315250"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,161],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,61,115,144],"novel":[4],"benchmark":[5],"is":[6,122,167],"introduced":[7],"for":[8,66,89,146],"evaluating":[9,149],"local":[10,46],"image":[11],"descriptors.":[12],"We":[13,100,112,153],"demonstrate":[14],"limitations":[15],"of":[16,104,118,131],"the":[17,32,42,102,129,163],"commonly":[18],"used":[19],"datasets":[20],"and":[21,28,68,85,108,148],"evaluation":[22,76],"protocols,":[23],"that":[24,114,155],"lead":[25],"to":[26,41,124,128],"ambiguities":[27],"contradictory":[29],"results":[30],"in":[31,45,78,96],"literature.":[33],"Furthermore,":[34],"these":[35,57],"benchmarks":[36,138],"are":[37,139],"nearly":[38],"saturated":[39],"due":[40],"recent":[43],"improvements":[44],"descriptors":[47,107,121,135,159],"obtained":[48],"by":[49],"learning":[50,133,147],"from":[51],"large":[52,63],"annotated":[53],"datasets.":[54],"To":[55],"address":[56],"issues,":[58],"we":[59,142],"introduce":[60],"new":[62],"dataset":[64],"suitable":[65],"training":[67,157],"testing":[69],"modern":[70],"descriptors,":[71],"together":[72],"with":[73],"strictly":[74],"defined":[75],"protocols":[77],"several":[79,105],"tasks":[80],"such":[81],"as":[82],"matching,":[83],"retrieval":[84],"verification.":[86],"This":[87],"allows":[88],"more":[90,93],"realistic,":[91],"thus":[92],"reliable":[94],"comparisons":[95],"different":[97],"application":[98],"scenarios.":[99],"evaluate":[101],"performance":[103,127],"state-of-the-art":[106,158],"analyse":[109],"their":[110,126],"properties.":[111],"show":[113,154],"simple":[116],"normalisation":[117],"traditional":[119,164],"hand-crafted":[120],"able":[123],"boost":[125],"level":[130],"deep":[132],"based":[134],"once":[136],"realistic":[137],"considered.":[140],"Additionally":[141],"specify":[143],"protocol":[145],"using":[150],"cross":[151],"validation.":[152],"when":[156],"on":[160],"dataset,":[162],"verification":[165],"task":[166],"almost":[168],"entirely":[169],"saturated.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2020-10-22T00:00:00"}
