{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2898368329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2018.2877675","title":"Visibility Constrained Generative Model for Depth-Based 3D Facial Pose Tracking","display_name":"Visibility Constrained Generative Model for Depth-Based 3D Facial Pose Tracking","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2898368329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2018.2877675","mag":"2898368329","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30369437"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2018.2877675","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2018.2877675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035443556","display_name":"Lu Sheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8525-9163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lu Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100635804","display_name":"Jianfei Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9444-3763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianfei Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065578418","display_name":"Tat\u2010Jen Cham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5264-2572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tat-Jen Cham","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020368096","display_name":"Vladimir Pavlovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3979-1236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Pavlovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062332580","display_name":"King Ngi Ngan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1946-3235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"King Ngi Ngan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035443556"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5223,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71461446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"8","first_page":"1994","last_page":"2007"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8639707565307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7213842868804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.704470157623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6262639164924622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.6059377193450928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.49492496252059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.4763103723526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.45862123370170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pose","display_name":"Pose","score":0.4540666937828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-appearance-model","display_name":"Active appearance model","score":0.4296691417694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.3493083715438843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.17597049474716187}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8639707565307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7213842868804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.704470157623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6262639164924622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.6059377193450928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.49492496252059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.4763103723526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.45862123370170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.4540666937828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83248878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q344000","display_name":"Active appearance model","level":3,"score":0.4296691417694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.3493083715438843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.17597049474716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2018.2877675","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2018.2877675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30369437","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30369437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/138265","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/138265","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321026","display_name":"Ministry of Earth Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/013cf5k59"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1643185111","https://openalex.org/W1723619723","https://openalex.org/W1927238661","https://openalex.org/W1960395571","https://openalex.org/W1972557358","https://openalex.org/W1973757125","https://openalex.org/W1974744233","https://openalex.org/W2003706019","https://openalex.org/W2008627340","https://openalex.org/W2012048984","https://openalex.org/W2012928704","https://openalex.org/W2017107803","https://openalex.org/W2038891881","https://openalex.org/W2045538238","https://openalex.org/W2052243599","https://openalex.org/W2062712751","https://openalex.org/W2086331119","https://openalex.org/W2087681821","https://openalex.org/W2088028039","https://openalex.org/W2109269337","https://openalex.org/W2111459438","https://openalex.org/W2119851068","https://openalex.org/W2125644353","https://openalex.org/W2135666716","https://openalex.org/W2150585588","https://openalex.org/W2150635919","https://openalex.org/W2151802865","https://openalex.org/W2166199906","https://openalex.org/W2169965057","https://openalex.org/W2215711223","https://openalex.org/W2237250383","https://openalex.org/W2281572045","https://openalex.org/W2310705318","https://openalex.org/W2339268922","https://openalex.org/W2339787603","https://openalex.org/W2403519160","https://openalex.org/W2463303114","https://openalex.org/W2555510177","https://openalex.org/W2566655602","https://openalex.org/W2582523095","https://openalex.org/W2599226450","https://openalex.org/W2605701576","https://openalex.org/W2738989550","https://openalex.org/W2765716124","https://openalex.org/W2786166435","https://openalex.org/W2803705807","https://openalex.org/W2806125796","https://openalex.org/W2962865163","https://openalex.org/W3136489197","https://openalex.org/W6636704036","https://openalex.org/W6652404702","https://openalex.org/W6684584272","https://openalex.org/W6704154004","https://openalex.org/W6713484019"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320086129","https://openalex.org/W4365211920","https://openalex.org/W3014948380","https://openalex.org/W4380551139","https://openalex.org/W2280377497","https://openalex.org/W4387506531","https://openalex.org/W3174044702","https://openalex.org/W4238433571","https://openalex.org/W2967848559","https://openalex.org/W4283803360"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,33,95],"propose":[4,96],"a":[5,35,72,97],"generative":[6],"framework":[7,132],"that":[8,40,60,84,101,129],"unifies":[9],"depth-based":[10,139],"3D":[11,37],"facial":[12,29,87],"pose":[13,88,104],"tracking":[14],"and":[15,27,69,120,125,135],"face":[16,52,74,108],"model":[17,39,75],"adaptation":[18,59],"on-the-fly,":[19],"in":[20],"the":[21,43,48,51,63,66,77,103,107,114,130],"unconstrained":[22],"scenarios":[23],"with":[24,54,111],"heavy":[25],"occlusions":[26],"arbitrary":[28],"expression":[30],"variations.":[31],"Specifically,":[32],"introduce":[34],"statistical":[36],"morphable":[38],"flexibly":[41],"describes":[42],"distribution":[44],"of":[45,50,65],"points":[46],"on":[47,106,123],"surface":[49],"model,":[53],"an":[55],"efficient":[56],"switchable":[57],"online":[58],"gradually":[61],"captures":[62],"identity":[64],"tracked":[67],"subject":[68,78],"rapidly":[70],"constructs":[71],"suitable":[73],"when":[76],"changes.":[79],"Moreover,":[80],"unlike":[81],"prior":[82],"art":[83],"employed":[85],"ICP-based":[86],"estimation,":[89],"to":[90,93,113],"improve":[91],"robustness":[92],"occlusions,":[94],"ray":[98],"visibility":[99,110],"constraint":[100],"regularizes":[102],"based":[105],"model's":[109],"respect":[112],"input":[115],"point":[116],"cloud.":[117],"Ablation":[118],"studies":[119],"experimental":[121],"results":[122],"Biwi":[124],"ICT-3DHP":[126],"datasets":[127],"demonstrate":[128],"proposed":[131],"is":[133],"effective":[134],"outperforms":[136],"completing":[137],"state-of-the-art":[138],"methods.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}