{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2731821979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2723400","title":"Bilinear Convolutional Neural Networks for Fine-Grained Visual Recognition","display_name":"Bilinear Convolutional Neural Networks for Fine-Grained Visual Recognition","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2731821979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2723400","mag":"2731821979","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28692962"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2017.2723400","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2723400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074826046","display_name":"Tsung\u2010Yu Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1332-646X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177605424","display_name":"Amherst College","ror":"https://ror.org/028vqfs63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177605424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tsung-Yu Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177605424","https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011154601","display_name":"Aruni RoyChowdhury","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177605424","display_name":"Amherst College","ror":"https://ror.org/028vqfs63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177605424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aruni RoyChowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177605424","https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052551454","display_name":"Subhransu Maji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3869-9334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177605424","display_name":"Amherst College","ror":"https://ror.org/028vqfs63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177605424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhransu Maji","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177605424","https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074826046"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177605424","https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3354,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":329,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98668591,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"6","first_page":"1309","last_page":"1322"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8237496018409729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7726209759712219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7060496807098389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilinear-interpolation","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","score":0.7030826210975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6709553599357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5600247383117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5015907287597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.43436500430107117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.42715588212013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.35211455821990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3018176555633545}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8237496018409729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7726209759712219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7060496807098389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205203396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612143","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","level":2,"score":0.7030826210975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6709553599357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5600247383117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5015907287597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.43436500430107117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42715588212013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.35211455821990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3018176555633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2017.2723400","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2723400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28692962","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28692962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2249619782","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014-14071600010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333051","funder_display_name":"Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333051","display_name":"Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity","ror":"https://ror.org/01v3fsc55"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":97,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56385144","https://openalex.org/W78159342","https://openalex.org/W603908379","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W819977924","https://openalex.org/W1484210532","https://openalex.org/W1484228140","https://openalex.org/W1496650988","https://openalex.org/W1524680991","https://openalex.org/W1560724230","https://openalex.org/W1606858007","https://openalex.org/W1616462885","https://openalex.org/W1625255723","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1797268635","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1846799578","https://openalex.org/W1898560071","https://openalex.org/W1907877624","https://openalex.org/W1954152232","https://openalex.org/W1963882359","https://openalex.org/W1967632700","https://openalex.org/W2012592962","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2047643928","https://openalex.org/W2056829492","https://openalex.org/W2062118960","https://openalex.org/W2066941820","https://openalex.org/W2083367367","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2104657103","https://openalex.org/W2105880865","https://openalex.org/W2110765924","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2127006916","https://openalex.org/W2128560777","https://openalex.org/W2128744540","https://openalex.org/W2138011018","https://openalex.org/W2146897752","https://openalex.org/W2147238549","https://openalex.org/W2147527908","https://openalex.org/W2152161678","https://openalex.org/W2153786187","https://openalex.org/W2155541015","https://openalex.org/W2156303437","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2170653751","https://openalex.org/W2190008860","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2204257188","https://openalex.org/W2275770195","https://openalex.org/W2287418003","https://openalex.org/W2294485609","https://openalex.org/W2342662179","https://openalex.org/W2415655786","https://openalex.org/W2462457117","https://openalex.org/W2475287302","https://openalex.org/W2479109623","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2613763509","https://openalex.org/W2620629206","https://openalex.org/W2951019013","https://openalex.org/W2951527505","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963066927","https://openalex.org/W2963143328","https://openalex.org/W2963173190","https://openalex.org/W2963239066","https://openalex.org/W2963383024","https://openalex.org/W2964036520","https://openalex.org/W2964036919","https://openalex.org/W3036898306","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3195149063","https://openalex.org/W4294375521","https://openalex.org/W6618372016","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6628927728","https://openalex.org/W6636475194","https://openalex.org/W6636494156","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638319203","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6638677478","https://openalex.org/W6675992320","https://openalex.org/W6679233511","https://openalex.org/W6682137061","https://openalex.org/W6682778277","https://openalex.org/W6682864246","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6694678299","https://openalex.org/W6696747219","https://openalex.org/W6715275210","https://openalex.org/W6716561791","https://openalex.org/W6785652829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2952813363","https://openalex.org/W4378678253","https://openalex.org/W2911497689","https://openalex.org/W4360783045","https://openalex.org/W3176438653","https://openalex.org/W2770149305","https://openalex.org/W2972076240","https://openalex.org/W3167930666","https://openalex.org/W3014952856","https://openalex.org/W4312465310"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,100],"present":[1,102,170],"a":[2,22,38,95,103],"simple":[3],"and":[4,32,69,83,89,109,119,147,150,184],"effective":[5,138],"architecture":[6],"for":[7,139,191],"fine-grained":[8],"recognition":[9],"called":[10],"Bilinear":[11],"Convolutional":[12],"Neural":[13],"Networks":[14],"(B-CNNs).":[15],"These":[16],"networks":[17,108],"represent":[18],"an":[19,58,124],"image":[20,141],"as":[21,145],"pooled":[23],"outer":[24],"product":[25],"of":[26,106,126,172,181],"features":[27,52,115],"derived":[28],"from":[29,155],"two":[30],"CNNs":[31],"capture":[33],"localized":[34],"feature":[35],"interactions":[36],"in":[37,57,128,133],"translationally":[39],"invariant":[40],"manner.":[41,60],"B-CNNs":[42],"are":[43,116,136],"related":[44],"to":[45],"orderless":[46],"texture":[47,146],"representations":[48],"built":[49],"on":[50,73,94,157,175],"deep":[51],"but":[53],"can":[54,120,152],"be":[55,121,153],"trained":[56,154],"end-to-end":[59],"Our":[61],"most":[62],"accurate":[63],"model":[64],"obtains":[65],"84.1%,":[66],"79.4%,":[67],"84.5%":[68],"91.3%":[70],"per-image":[71],"accuracy":[72],"the":[74,113,158,165,192],"Caltech-UCSD":[75],"birds":[76],"[66],":[77],"NABirds":[78],"[63],":[79],"FGVC":[80],"aircraft":[81],"[42],":[82],"Stanford":[84],"cars":[85],"[33]":[86],"dataset":[87,160],"respectively":[88],"runs":[90],"at":[91,197],"30":[92],"frames-per-second":[93],"NVIDIA":[96],"Titan":[97],"X":[98],"GPU.":[99],"then":[101],"systematic":[104],"analysis":[105],"these":[107,173],"show":[110],"that":[111],"(1)":[112],"bilinear":[114],"highly":[117],"redundant":[118],"reduced":[122],"by":[123],"order":[125],"magnitude":[127],"size":[129],"without":[130],"significant":[131],"loss":[132],"accuracy,":[134],"(2)":[135],"also":[137],"other":[140],"classification":[142],"tasks":[143],"such":[144],"scene":[148],"recognition,":[149],"(3)":[151],"scratch":[156],"ImageNet":[159],"offering":[161],"consistent":[162],"improvements":[163],"over":[164],"baseline":[166],"architecture.":[167],"Finally,":[168],"we":[169],"visualizations":[171],"models":[174],"various":[176],"datasets":[177],"using":[178],"top":[179],"activations":[180],"neural":[182],"units":[183],"gradient-based":[185],"inversion":[186],"techniques.":[187],"The":[188],"source":[189],"code":[190],"complete":[193],"system":[194],"is":[195],"available":[196],"http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/bcnn.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":72},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
