{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2610165754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2700460","title":"Towards Reaching Human Performance in Pedestrian Detection","display_name":"Towards Reaching Human Performance in Pedestrian Detection","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2610165754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2700460","mag":"2610165754","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28475049"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2017.2700460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2700460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100412142","display_name":"Shanshan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4013-6300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanshan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4013-6300","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110628855","display_name":"Rodrigo Benenson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo Benenson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103856549","display_name":"Mohamed Omran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Omran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033625726","display_name":"Jan Hosang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Hosang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051534545","display_name":"Bernt Schiele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9683-5237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernt Schiele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.733,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":197,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98870256,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"4","first_page":"973","last_page":"986"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-detection","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","score":0.8722464442253113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7818410396575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.7587900161743164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6868065595626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6764153242111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6480927467346191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5466693639755249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5287879109382629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.4943423271179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.492409348487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.48824766278266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40352898836135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09935560822486877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.08884403109550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0640953779220581}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780156472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2355550","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","level":3,"score":0.8722464442253113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7818410396575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.7587900161743164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6868065595626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6764153242111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6480927467346191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5466693639755249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5287879109382629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.4943423271179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.492409348487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.48824766278266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40352898836135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09935560822486877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.08884403109550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0640953779220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069636","descriptor_name":"Pedestrians","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069636","descriptor_name":"Pedestrians","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069636","descriptor_name":"Pedestrians","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpami.2017.2700460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2700460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28475049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28475049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_2442024","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-002D-440B-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W345900524","https://openalex.org/W1475617732","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1604882328","https://openalex.org/W1650122911","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1832500336","https://openalex.org/W1903127635","https://openalex.org/W1906375339","https://openalex.org/W1950935069","https://openalex.org/W1970850659","https://openalex.org/W1976818984","https://openalex.org/W1986905809","https://openalex.org/W1992825118","https://openalex.org/W1999853363","https://openalex.org/W2010340098","https://openalex.org/W2031454541","https://openalex.org/W2034779469","https://openalex.org/W2042576467","https://openalex.org/W2046331708","https://openalex.org/W2074777933","https://openalex.org/W2077513643","https://openalex.org/W2084997728","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2098064689","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2117687030","https://openalex.org/W2118435112","https://openalex.org/W2125556102","https://openalex.org/W2127420331","https://openalex.org/W2136724559","https://openalex.org/W2139479830","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2150298366","https://openalex.org/W2152945944","https://openalex.org/W2154582212","https://openalex.org/W2156547346","https://openalex.org/W2159386181","https://openalex.org/W2160921898","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2162741153","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2166623283","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2200528286","https://openalex.org/W2265127172","https://openalex.org/W2467614162","https://openalex.org/W2490270993","https://openalex.org/W2497039038","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2962850098","https://openalex.org/W2963315052","https://openalex.org/W6636076345","https://openalex.org/W6636787326","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6639461879","https://openalex.org/W6639934059","https://openalex.org/W6646904105","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6723816956"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2139561767","https://openalex.org/W2972620127","https://openalex.org/W2981141433","https://openalex.org/W2802018156","https://openalex.org/W4313315626","https://openalex.org/W2101531944","https://openalex.org/W4298149443","https://openalex.org/W2922437833","https://openalex.org/W2100052226","https://openalex.org/W4312696271"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Encouraged":[0],"by":[1,26],"the":[2,10,17,35,42,62,69,115],"recent":[3],"progress":[4],"in":[5],"pedestrian":[6,32,37,96,117],"detection,":[7,97],"we":[8,49,60,75,92,110],"investigate":[9],"gap":[11],"between":[12],"current":[13],"state-of-the-art":[14],"methods":[15],"and":[16,53,72,98,119,127],"\"perfect":[18],"single":[19],"frame":[20],"detector\".":[21],"We":[22],"enable":[23],"our":[24,107],"analysis":[25],"creating":[27],"a":[28,46,81,121],"human":[29],"baseline":[30],"for":[31,95],"detection":[33],"(over":[34],"Caltech":[36,116],"dataset).":[38],"After":[39],"manually":[40],"clustering":[41],"frequent":[43],"errors":[44,59],"of":[45,64,84,125],"top":[47,112],"detector,":[48],"characterise":[50],"both":[51],"localisation":[52,58],"background-versus-foreground":[54],"errors.":[55],"To":[56,88],"address":[57,89],"study":[61,93],"impact":[63],"training":[65,86,126],"annotation":[66],"noise":[67],"on":[68,114],"detector":[70],"performance,":[71],"show":[73],"that":[74],"can":[76],"improve":[77],"results":[78],"even":[79],"with":[80],"small":[82],"portion":[83],"sanitised":[85,123],"data.":[87],"background/foreground":[90],"discrimination,":[91],"convnets":[94],"discuss":[99],"which":[100],"factors":[101],"affect":[102],"their":[103],"performance.":[104],"Other":[105],"than":[106],"in-depth":[108],"analysis,":[109],"report":[111],"performance":[113],"dataset,":[118],"provide":[120],"new":[122],"set":[124],"test":[128],"annotations.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}